{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169508532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2100255","title":"Blockchain and 6G: The Future of Secure and Ubiquitous Communication","display_name":"Blockchain and 6G: The Future of Secure and Ubiquitous Communication","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169508532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2100255","mag":"3169508532"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2100255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2100255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.05673","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043046865","display_name":"Ali Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-645X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207789805","display_name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5x4a35","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Hussain Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS),Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS),Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016027069","display_name":"Naveed Ul Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5477-6195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207789805","display_name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5x4a35","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveed Ul Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS),Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS),Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060020877","display_name":"Chau Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD),Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD),Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071321132","display_name":"Jun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3004-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University,Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University,Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456327","display_name":"Yan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-5092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oslo,Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo,Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042307561","display_name":"H. Vincent Poor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Vincent Poor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043046865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1378,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82612894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"194","last_page":"201"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9526891708374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7123247981071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.49303290247917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.48242053389549255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4266747832298279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32573941349983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.31180882453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.19380542635917664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9526891708374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7123247981071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49303290247917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.48242053389549255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4266747832298279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32573941349983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.31180882453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.19380542635917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2100255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2100255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2106.05673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.05673","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.05673","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3169508532","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.05673.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/162975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/162975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.05673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2106.05673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2106.05673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.05673","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.05673","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3504475426","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1908308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4516130177","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2039716","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6699084972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-203971","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7920959503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1908308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8347564461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-2039716","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169508532.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169508532.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2184963298","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2890103652","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2969519626","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2985336933","https://openalex.org/W2998571497","https://openalex.org/W3002159761","https://openalex.org/W3004579115","https://openalex.org/W3008881421","https://openalex.org/W3011830499","https://openalex.org/W3059813204","https://openalex.org/W3095001123","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3102535235","https://openalex.org/W3110989801","https://openalex.org/W4253771102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3188636145","https://openalex.org/W2955673738","https://openalex.org/W3196782135","https://openalex.org/W3009160636","https://openalex.org/W2995979875","https://openalex.org/W2907278365","https://openalex.org/W3033317866","https://openalex.org/W3090854778","https://openalex.org/W3093783098","https://openalex.org/W2967482327","https://openalex.org/W3120381598","https://openalex.org/W2990389339","https://openalex.org/W3125947424","https://openalex.org/W2963763708","https://openalex.org/W2808185912","https://openalex.org/W3164869496","https://openalex.org/W2989207527","https://openalex.org/W3104387317","https://openalex.org/W3003663149","https://openalex.org/W3012131012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Future":[0],"communication":[1,38],"will":[2,12],"be":[3,13,126],"characterized":[4],"by":[5],"ubiquitous":[6,146],"connectivity":[7],"and":[8,34,68,90,94,98,116,136,145],"security.":[9],"These":[10],"features":[11],"essential":[14],"requirements":[15,44],"for":[16,143],"the":[17,30,50,60,73,83,132],"efficient":[18],"functioning":[19],"of":[20,32,113,121,134],"futuristic":[21],"applications.":[22],"In":[23,49],"this":[24,130],"article,":[25],"in":[26,72],"order":[27],"to":[28],"highlight":[29],"impact":[31],"blockchain":[33,93,114,135],"6G":[35,122,137],"on":[36,63,86],"future":[37,147],"systems,":[39],"we":[40,58,81],"categorize":[41],"these":[42],"application":[43],"into":[45],"two":[46],"broad":[47],"groups.":[48],"first":[51],"category,":[52,75],"called":[53,76],"Requirement":[54,77],"Group":[55,78],"I":[56],"(RG-I),":[57],"include":[59,82],"performance-related":[61],"needs":[62,85,120],"data":[64,87],"rates,":[65],"latency,":[66],"reliability":[67],"massive":[69],"connectivity,":[70],"while":[71],"second":[74],"II":[79],"(RG-II),":[80],"security-related":[84],"integrity,":[88],"non-repudiability,":[89],"auditability.":[91],"With":[92],"6G,":[95],"network":[96],"decentralization":[97],"resource":[99,103],"sharing":[100],"would":[101],"minimize":[102],"under-utilization,":[104],"thereby":[105],"facilitating":[106],"RG-I":[107],"targets.":[108],"Furthermore,":[109],"through":[110],"appropriate":[111],"selection":[112],"type":[115],"consensus":[117],"algorithms,":[118],"RG-II":[119],"applications":[123],"can":[124],"also":[125],"readily":[127],"addressed.":[128],"Through":[129],"study,":[131],"combination":[133],"emerges":[138],"as":[139],"an":[140],"elegant":[141],"solution":[142],"secure":[144],"communication.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}