{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3143591891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2100232","title":"Design of a Power Amplifying-RIS for Free-Space Optical Communication Systems","display_name":"Design of a Power Amplifying-RIS for Free-Space Optical Communication Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3143591891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2100232","mag":"3143591891"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2100232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2100232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067274963","display_name":"Alain R. Ndjiongue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-6164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alain R. Ndjiongue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memorial University of Newfoundland,Canada","Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009312675","display_name":"Telex M. N. Ngatched","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7646-9452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Telex M. N. Ngatched","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memorial University of Newfoundland,Canada","Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077149719","display_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-0512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memorial University of Newfoundland,Canada","Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074320996","display_name":"Harald Haas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Strathclyde,Scotland","University of Strathclyde, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde,Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9531377,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":"152","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7686477303504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space","display_name":"Free space","score":0.5916126370429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.557678759098053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.5319324731826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.45517802238464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.42419371008872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4195966124534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.38077718019485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.18188026547431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13099929690361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12497782707214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10497069358825684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7686477303504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988672794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11475","display_name":"Free space","level":2,"score":0.5916126370429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.557678759098053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.5319324731826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.45517802238464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.42419371008872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4195966124534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.38077718019485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.18188026547431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13099929690361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12497782707214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10497069358825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2100232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2100232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:80029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1042920.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2185728952","display_name":"Towards 100 Gigabit Wireless Networking by Light (Go-by-Light) (Ext.)","funder_award_id":"EP/R007101/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4617449541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007101/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8503313810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007101/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987195322","https://openalex.org/W2089502116","https://openalex.org/W2101457183","https://openalex.org/W2807297888","https://openalex.org/W2945586008","https://openalex.org/W2963360098","https://openalex.org/W3010372757","https://openalex.org/W3012226513","https://openalex.org/W3038104762","https://openalex.org/W3039219915","https://openalex.org/W3096188699","https://openalex.org/W3118893108","https://openalex.org/W3127287346","https://openalex.org/W3130355012","https://openalex.org/W3132154462","https://openalex.org/W3135463241","https://openalex.org/W3137570378"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323644463","https://openalex.org/W2019126040","https://openalex.org/W2038016357","https://openalex.org/W1487975641","https://openalex.org/W2090950564","https://openalex.org/W3118892941","https://openalex.org/W4386214712","https://openalex.org/W2389557767","https://openalex.org/W3191689016","https://openalex.org/W3098949437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,181],"steering":[1],"dynamics":[2],"of":[3,15,80,127,163,188,200,219],"reconfigurable":[4],"intelligent":[5],"surfaces":[6],"(RISs)":[7],"have":[8],"hoisted":[9],"them":[10],"to":[11,21,119,211],"the":[12,68,77,81,133,137,143,150,155,164,169,186,198,201,217],"front":[13],"row":[14],"technologies":[16],"that":[17,42,160,185],"can":[18,29,112],"be":[19],"exploited":[20],"solve":[22],"skip-zones":[23],"in":[24,47,89,223],"wireless":[25,33,50],"communication":[26,55,94],"systems.":[27,225],"They":[28],"enable":[30,212],"a":[31,38,73,97,115,128],"programmable":[32],"environment,":[34],"turning":[35],"it":[36],"into":[37],"partially":[39],"deterministic":[40],"space":[41],"plays":[43],"an":[44,120],"active":[45],"role":[46],"determining":[48],"how":[49],"signals":[51],"propagate.":[52],"However,":[53],"RIS-based":[54],"systems'":[56],"practical":[57],"implementation":[58],"may":[59,71],"face":[60,72],"challenges":[61],"such":[62],"as":[63],"higher":[64],"signal":[65,70],"attenuation.":[66],"Furthermore,":[67],"transmitted":[69,138],"double-fading":[74,87],"effect":[75],"over":[76],"two":[78],"portions":[79],"channel.":[82],"This":[83],"article":[84],"tackles":[85],"this":[86,125],"problem":[88],"near-terrestrial":[90],"free-space":[91],"optical":[92],"(nT-FSO)":[93],"systems":[95],"using":[96],"RIS":[98,175,220],"module":[99],"based":[100],"on":[101,105,124],"liquid":[102],"crystal":[103],"(LC)":[104],"silicon":[106],"(LCoS).":[107],"A":[108],"doped":[109,129],"LC":[110,179],"layer":[111],"directly":[113],"amplify":[114],"light":[116,166],"when":[117],"subjected":[118],"external":[121],"field.":[122],"Leveraging":[123],"capacity":[126],"LC,":[130],"we":[131,205],"mitigate":[132],"double-attenuation":[134],"faced":[135],"by":[136],"signal.":[139],"We":[140],"first":[141],"revisit":[142],"nT-FSO":[144,224],"power":[145],"loss":[146],"scenario,":[147],"then":[148],"discuss":[149,208],"direct-light":[151],"amplification,":[152],"and":[153,195,207,221],"consider":[154],"system":[156],"performance.":[157],"Results":[158],"show":[159,184],"at":[161],"51°":[162],"incoming":[165],"incidence":[167],"angle,":[168],"proposed":[170],"LCoS":[171],"design":[172],"has":[173],"minimal":[174],"depth,":[176],"implying":[177],"less":[178],"material.":[180],"performance":[182],"results":[183],"number":[187],"bits":[189],"per":[190],"unit":[191],"bandwidth":[192],"is":[193],"upper-bounded":[194],"grows":[196],"with":[197],"ratio":[199],"sub-links'":[202],"distances.":[203],"Finally,":[204],"present":[206],"open":[209],"issues":[210],"new":[213],"research":[214],"opportunities":[215],"toward":[216],"use":[218],"amplifying-RIS":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}