{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163279171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2000296","title":"Computation Offloading in Beyond 5G Networks: A Distributed Learning Framework and Applications","display_name":"Computation Offloading in Beyond 5G Networks: A Distributed Learning Framework and Applications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163279171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2000296","mag":"3163279171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2000296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2000296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065252700","display_name":"Xianfu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9453-4200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianfu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Centre, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046333931","display_name":"Celimuge Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6853-5878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celimuge Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electro-Communications, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electro-Communications, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603421","display_name":"Zhi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0537-4522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electro-Communications, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electro-Communications, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404886","display_name":"Ning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8781-4925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Windsor, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Windsor, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037098061","display_name":"Yusheng Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4364-8491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusheng Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Informatics, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.4025,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":150,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9959207,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"56","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.907041072845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.7923663258552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.7140777111053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6674144268035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6654130816459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6318365931510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6020330190658569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.508801281452179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.47494199872016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-learning","display_name":"Distributed learning","score":0.47467994689941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4738267660140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-algorithm","display_name":"Distributed algorithm","score":0.4286551773548126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.421764612197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.39314860105514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3426177203655243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.28717339038848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08622574806213379}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.907041072845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.7923663258552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.7140777111053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6674144268035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6654130816459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6318365931510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6020330190658569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.508801281452179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.47494199872016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.47467994689941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4738267660140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130120984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835898","display_name":"Distributed algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4286551773548126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.421764612197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.39314860105514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3426177203655243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.28717339038848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08622574806213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2000296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.2000296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2496777954","display_name":"Collaborative information processing platform for vehicular IoT based on federated learning","funder_award_id":"21H03424","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3021172490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"319759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8369808879","display_name":"Researches on Model-aided Learning Approaches for Reliable Realtime Control in Future Wireless Systems","funder_award_id":"20H00592","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G98800615","display_name":"AI-empowered Point Cloud Video Streaming","funder_award_id":"20H04174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2048570986","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2397723600","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2599106590","https://openalex.org/W2750212574","https://openalex.org/W2751904527","https://openalex.org/W2918891759","https://openalex.org/W2950863887","https://openalex.org/W2968520662","https://openalex.org/W2970759804","https://openalex.org/W2979680647","https://openalex.org/W2998881388","https://openalex.org/W3011830499","https://openalex.org/W4214717370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310007397","https://openalex.org/W4213154119","https://openalex.org/W2770104838","https://openalex.org/W2896418752","https://openalex.org/W4383749321","https://openalex.org/W2894114519","https://openalex.org/W4297093186","https://openalex.org/W4282941432","https://openalex.org/W3200145713","https://openalex.org/W2799640661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facing":[0],"the":[1,24,29,32,43,74,85,96,104,112,119,125,128],"trend":[2],"of":[3,34,76,118,127],"merging":[4],"wireless":[5],"communications":[6],"and":[7,31],"multi-access":[8],"edge":[9],"computing":[10],"(MEC),":[11],"this":[12],"article":[13],"studies":[14],"computation":[15,44,70],"offloading":[16,45,71],"in":[17,37,69],"beyond":[18],"fifth":[19],"generation":[20],"networks.":[21],"To":[22],"address":[23],"technical":[25],"challenges":[26],"originating":[27],"from":[28],"uncertainties":[30],"sharing":[33],"limited":[35],"resource":[36,67,98],"an":[38,77],"MEC":[39],"system,":[40],"we":[41,102],"formulate":[42],"problem":[46],"as":[47],"a":[48,55,63],"multi-agent":[49],"Markov":[50],"decision":[51],"process,":[52],"for":[53],"which":[54,115],"distributed":[56,79,130],"learning":[57,81,93,131],"framework":[58],"is":[59,116],"proposed.":[60],"We":[61],"present":[62],"case":[64],"study":[65],"on":[66],"orchestration":[68,99],"to":[72,110],"showcase":[73],"potential":[75],"online":[78],"reinforcement":[80],"algorithm":[82,94],"developed":[83],"under":[84],"proposed":[86,129],"framework.":[87,132],"Experimental":[88],"results":[89],"demonstrate":[90],"that":[91,123],"our":[92],"outperforms":[95],"benchmark":[97],"algorithms.":[100],"Furthermore,":[101],"outline":[103],"research":[105],"directions":[106],"worth":[107],"in-depth":[108],"investigation":[109],"minimize":[111],"time":[113],"cost,":[114],"one":[117],"main":[120],"practical":[121],"issues":[122],"prevent":[124],"implementation":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
