{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034290200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.1900431","title":"A Robust Packet-Dropout Covert Channel over Wireless Networks","display_name":"A Robust Packet-Dropout Covert Channel over Wireless Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034290200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.1900431","mag":"3034290200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.001.1900431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.1900431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026287089","display_name":"Yuanzhang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-366X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzhang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780267","display_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-9562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154341788","display_name":"Tangshan College","ror":"https://ror.org/00rfn0469","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154341788"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tangshan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tangshan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154341788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023228101","display_name":"Xinting Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0464-6701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinting Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003198271","display_name":"Yu\u2010an Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-8853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-an Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6949,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8758782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"3","first_page":"60","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8844469785690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7278517484664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6142376065254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4604940712451935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.43809252977371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4307023882865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4216480851173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3221312463283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10339272022247314}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8844469785690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7278517484664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6142376065254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4604940712451935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.43809252977371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4307023882865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4216480851173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3221312463283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10339272022247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mwc.001.1900431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.1900431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146764194","display_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1284","issn":["1536-1284","1558-0687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1471507","https://openalex.org/W62210294","https://openalex.org/W2005490844","https://openalex.org/W2054506899","https://openalex.org/W2132177566","https://openalex.org/W2151185692","https://openalex.org/W2170219762","https://openalex.org/W2792913437","https://openalex.org/W2793647790","https://openalex.org/W2806448329","https://openalex.org/W2810651661","https://openalex.org/W2811132259","https://openalex.org/W2814329861","https://openalex.org/W2901178374","https://openalex.org/W2964308808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164808023","https://openalex.org/W2310448466","https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W2092798601","https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4281727072","https://openalex.org/W4312219546","https://openalex.org/W1587042134","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W3133147449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"communication":[1,51,56],"is":[2,39,134,203,222],"the":[3,76,83,131,137,141,150,153,156,159,168,178,181,184,187,200,219],"most":[4],"important":[5],"carrier":[6],"for":[7,31],"covert":[8,16,100,132,170,188,220],"channels":[9,17],"because":[10],"increasing":[11],"security":[12],"threats":[13],"have":[14],"made":[15],"an":[18,117],"alternative":[19],"to":[20,47,75,89,123,166,176,194,205],"transmitting":[21],"confidential":[22],"information":[23],"in":[24,64],"untrusted":[25],"wireless":[26],"communications.":[27],"As":[28],"a":[29,42,97],"solution":[30],"next-generation":[32],"mobile":[33],"communication,":[34],"voice":[35],"over":[36],"LTE":[37],"(VoLTE)":[38],"developed":[40],"using":[41],"high-speed":[43],"packet-switched":[44],"core":[45],"network":[46],"provide":[48],"high-quality":[49],"end-to-end":[50],"services.":[52],"Unlike":[53],"traditional":[54],"circuit-switched":[55],"technologies,":[57],"both":[58,209],"inter-packet":[59],"delays":[60],"and":[61,116,126,183,197,214],"packet":[62],"orders":[63],"VoLTE":[65],"traffic":[66,78],"are":[67,121,174,192,216],"limited":[68],"by":[69,149],"specific":[70],"rules.":[71],"Even":[72],"minor":[73],"modifications":[74],"overt":[77],"can":[79,146,163],"be":[80,147,164,206],"detected,":[81],"so":[82],"existing":[84],"solutions":[85],"do":[86],"not":[87],"apply":[88],"VoLTE.":[90],"To":[91],"solve":[92],"this":[93],"problem,":[94],"we":[95],"build":[96],"robust":[98],"packet-dropout":[99],"timing":[101,189],"channel":[102,190],"through":[103],"parity":[104],"casecade":[105],"coding.":[106],"Hash-based":[107],"inter-codewords":[108],"verification,":[109],"cyclic":[110],"redundancy":[111],"check":[112],"based":[113],"codeword":[114],"self-verification,":[115],"adaptive":[118],"mapping":[119],"matrix":[120],"designed":[122],"ensure":[124],"robustness":[125,196],"undetectability.":[127],"In":[128],"our":[129],"scheme,":[130,182],"message":[133,221],"modulated":[135],"into":[136],"sequence":[138],"numbers":[139],"of":[140,155,180,186],"actively":[142],"dropped":[143],"packets,":[144],"which":[145],"retrieved":[148],"receiver.":[151],"With":[152],"help":[154],"verification":[157],"section,":[158],"actual":[160],"codewords":[161],"combination":[162],"identified":[165],"retrieve":[167],"embedded":[169],"message.":[171],"Several":[172],"experiments":[173],"performed":[175],"evaluate":[177],"performance":[179],"parameters":[185],"(CTC)":[191],"adjusted":[193],"estimate":[195],"throughput.":[198],"Finally,":[199],"CTC":[201],"scheme":[202],"proved":[204],"feasible":[207],"since":[208],"average":[210],"bit":[211],"error":[212],"rate":[213],"throughput":[215],"acceptable":[217],"while":[218],"stealthily":[223],"transmitted.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
