{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412940003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3573093","title":"Understanding Subterahertz Radio Channels: The Impact of Beamforming on Wireless System Design","display_name":"Understanding Subterahertz Radio Channels: The Impact of Beamforming on Wireless System Design","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412940003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3573093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mvt.2025.3573093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3573093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98855836","display_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","issn_l":"1556-6072","issn":["1556-6072","1556-6080"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3573093","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007148422","display_name":"Peize Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-5973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peize Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Innovation, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom","Centre for Wireless Innovation, Queen’s University, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-5973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Innovation, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Innovation, Queen’s University, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045872211","display_name":"Mar Francis De Guzman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar Francis De Guzman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1026-8791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100712471","display_name":"Xuhong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3095-7335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuhong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3095-7335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055921455","display_name":"Xuesong Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-7448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuesong Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-7448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020777570","display_name":"Katsuyuki Haneda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4778-6405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katsuyuki Haneda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4778-6405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035651291","display_name":"Nuutti Tervo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8450-3750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuutti Tervo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8450-3750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054231009","display_name":"Aarno P\u00e4rssinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5461-6148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aarno P\u00e4rssinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5461-6148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073439066","display_name":"Fredrik Tufvesson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-0784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fredrik Tufvesson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-0784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041819257","display_name":"Pekka Ky\u00f6sti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3533-9234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63586086","display_name":"Oulu University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvp8k55","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63586086"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pekka Ky\u00f6sti","raw_affiliation_strings":["6G Flagship Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3533-9234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6G Flagship Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234","https://openalex.org/I63586086"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007148422"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6531,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72734632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"49","last_page":"57"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9735000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9595999717712402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7281143665313721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5729383826255798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5365941524505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-radio-head","display_name":"Remote radio head","score":0.4580177366733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45038464665412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-design","display_name":"Systems design","score":0.426982045173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-resource-management","display_name":"Radio resource management","score":0.4247712790966034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4238084852695465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.34340906143188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33608418703079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33316755294799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.31329336762428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.28978076577186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.2857031226158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7281143665313721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5729383826255798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5365941524505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101541887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1555675","display_name":"Remote radio head","level":4,"score":0.4580177366733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45038464665412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.426982045173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182448111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281197","display_name":"Radio resource management","level":4,"score":0.4247712790966034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4238084852695465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.34340906143188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33608418703079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33316755294799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.31329336762428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.28978076577186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2857031226158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mvt.2025.3573093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3573093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98855836","display_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","issn_l":"1556-6072","issn":["1556-6072","1556-6080"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/30e71cc5-f367-4279-ad4f-14a69ebe2aff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/30e71cc5-f367-4279-ad4f-14a69ebe2aff","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/650382978/Understanding_Subterahertz_Radio_Channels_The_Impact_of_Beamforming_on_Wireless_System_Design.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zhang, P, De Guzman, M F, Li, X, Cai, X, Haneda, K, Tervo, N, Parssinen, A, Tufvesson, F & Kyosti, P 2025, 'Understanding subterahertz radio channels: the impact of beamforming on wireless system design', IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, pp. 2 - 10. https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2025.3573093","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/140042","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/746fb9b1-26ef-45b7-a329-77c86793ef10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401663","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:83bb97fd-058d-404c-a34c-b05cc6ba5656","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/83bb97fd-058d-404c-a34c-b05cc6ba5656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1556-6072","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mvt.2025.3573093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3573093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98855836","display_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","issn_l":"1556-6072","issn":["1556-6072","1556-6080"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1011330893","display_name":"Multipath Structure Characterization of above 100 GHz Radio Propagation Channel","funder_award_id":"348980","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2467953716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"348980","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3079698552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101095759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5953124089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101095759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102708878","https://openalex.org/W2895865304","https://openalex.org/W2906927173","https://openalex.org/W2962944637","https://openalex.org/W3045571861","https://openalex.org/W3107346599","https://openalex.org/W3206511420","https://openalex.org/W3212186380","https://openalex.org/W4295308283","https://openalex.org/W4323065933","https://openalex.org/W4391888848","https://openalex.org/W4391934449","https://openalex.org/W4401509128","https://openalex.org/W4404307154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105913830","https://openalex.org/W2532357365","https://openalex.org/W2010892567","https://openalex.org/W2328456318","https://openalex.org/W1994185452","https://openalex.org/W1574284586","https://openalex.org/W2154271128","https://openalex.org/W2540056677","https://openalex.org/W1869977910","https://openalex.org/W2074104061"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"connectivity":[1],"in":[2],"the":[3,32,64,76,80,85,96,111],"subterahertz":[4],"(sub-THz)":[5],"band,":[6],"spanning":[7],"from":[8],"100":[9],"GHz":[10],"to":[11,25,107],"300":[12],"GHz,":[13],"is":[14,88],"envisioned":[15],"as":[16],"an":[17],"enhanced":[18],"feature":[19],"of":[20,34,63,66,93,98],"6G":[21],"and":[22,58,72,82,122],"beyond.":[23],"Due":[24],"significant":[26],"propagation":[27,77,103],"losses":[28],"at":[29],"these":[30],"frequencies,":[31],"transmission":[33],"sub-THz":[35,54,69,102,118],"signals":[36],"relies":[37],"heavily":[38],"on":[39,68],"high":[40],"antenna":[41],"directivity,":[42],"realized":[43],"by":[44,90],"beamforming.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"article,":[48],"we":[49],"present":[50],"a":[51,60,91],"newly":[52],"developed":[53],"stored":[55],"channel":[56,78,87,104],"model,":[57],"perform":[59],"realistic":[61],"evaluation":[62],"impact":[65,97],"beamforming":[67,99],"link":[70],"establishment":[71],"data":[73,105],"transmission.":[74],"Unlike":[75],"between":[79],"transmitting":[81],"receiving":[83],"antennas,":[84],"radio":[86],"observed":[89],"pair":[92],"beams.":[94],"Incorporating":[95],"into":[100,110],"measured":[101],"enables":[106],"gain":[108],"insights":[109],"key":[112],"factors":[113],"that":[114],"determine,":[115],"among":[116],"others,":[117],"beam":[119],"alignment":[120],"strategy":[121],"waveform":[123],"design,":[124],"ultimately":[125],"enhancing":[126],"spectral":[127],"efficiency.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-08-05T00:00:00"}