{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408254285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3540751","title":"Toward Near-Field 3D Spot Beam Focusing: Possibilities, Challenges, and Use Cases","display_name":"Toward Near-Field 3D Spot Beam Focusing: Possibilities, Challenges, and Use Cases","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408254285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3540751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mvt.2025.3540751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3540751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98855836","display_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","issn_l":"1556-6072","issn":["1556-6072","1556-6080"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3540751","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070530774","display_name":"Mehdi Monemi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0258-5156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Monemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0258-5156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007743745","display_name":"Mohammad Amir Fallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-2955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55547365","display_name":"Payame Noor University","ror":"https://ror.org/031699d98","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55547365"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Amir Fallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-2955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55547365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028985499","display_name":"Mehdi Rasti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2081-0102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Rasti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), and Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit (WE3), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2081-0102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), and Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit (WE3), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035872239","display_name":"Matti Latva\u2010aho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-0969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Latva-aho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulo, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-0969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulo, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056145687","display_name":"M\u00e9rouane Debbah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Merouane Debbah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8080","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9403,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91171628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"95","last_page":"103"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12466","display_name":"Near-Field Optical Microscopy","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5422843098640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sweet-spot","display_name":"Sweet spot","score":0.4974232017993927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.46051445603370667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hot-spot","display_name":"Hot spot (computer programming)","score":0.4286355674266815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4236010015010834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.38660919666290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3463229835033417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.31832143664360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2391166090965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.12461346387863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.09009015560150146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5422843098640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993112377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1206825","display_name":"Sweet spot","level":3,"score":0.4974232017993927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.46051445603370667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199672914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4241353","display_name":"Hot spot (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4286355674266815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4236010015010834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38660919666290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3463229835033417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.31832143664360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2391166090965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.12461346387863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.09009015560150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019090810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192431","display_name":"Speed skating","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mvt.2025.3540751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3540751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98855836","display_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","issn_l":"1556-6072","issn":["1556-6072","1556-6080"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mvt.2025.3540751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3540751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98855836","display_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","issn_l":"1556-6072","issn":["1556-6072","1556-6080"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1184637356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"336449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2469647886","display_name":"6G Flagship - 6G-Enabled Wireless Smart Society & Ecosystem","funder_award_id":"369116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2576260025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"369116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6298783164","display_name":"6G Bridge \u2014 Oulun Yliopisto (10284/31/2022)","funder_award_id":"10284/31/2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6500029142","display_name":"6G Bridge \u2014 Oulun Yliopisto (8002/31/2022)","funder_award_id":"8002/31/2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024084228","https://openalex.org/W2997883159","https://openalex.org/W4226370247","https://openalex.org/W4294167321","https://openalex.org/W4320713354","https://openalex.org/W4385885073","https://openalex.org/W4386231167","https://openalex.org/W4388670961","https://openalex.org/W4396754456","https://openalex.org/W4403511686","https://openalex.org/W4405520598","https://openalex.org/W4405968041","https://openalex.org/W4408519709"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766441916","https://openalex.org/W1556950501","https://openalex.org/W4225138477","https://openalex.org/W4221147466","https://openalex.org/W4212813003","https://openalex.org/W2185299405","https://openalex.org/W4385471792","https://openalex.org/W3084074760","https://openalex.org/W4242359977","https://openalex.org/W4395960254"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spot":[0],"beam":[1,159],"focusing":[2,8,91],"(SBF)":[3],"is":[4,104,134],"the":[5,9,18,96,101,135],"process":[6],"of":[7,108,111,137,158],"signal":[10],"power":[11],"in":[12,17,95,100,129],"a":[13,51],"small":[14],"spot-like":[15],"region":[16],"3D":[19],"space,":[20],"which":[21,133],"can":[22,49,169],"be":[23,50,174],"either":[24],"hard-tuned":[25],"(HT)":[26],"using":[27,38],"traditional":[28],"tools":[29],"like":[30],"lenses":[31],"and":[32,72,76,82,89,98,113,124,163],"mirrors":[33],"or":[34],"electronically":[35],"reconfigured":[36],"(ER)":[37],"modern":[39],"large-scale":[40],"intelligent":[41],"surface":[42],"phased":[43],"arrays.":[44],"ER-SBF":[45],"(simply":[46],"called":[47],"SBF)":[48],"key":[52],"enabling":[53],"technology":[54],"for":[55,118,148,161],"next-generation":[56,130],"6G":[57],"wireless":[58,65,70,78,131],"networks,":[59],"offering":[60],"benefits":[61],"to":[62],"many":[63],"future":[64,115],"application":[66,166],"areas,":[67],"such":[68],"as":[69,156],"communication":[71],"security,":[73],"midrange":[74],"high-power":[75],"safe":[77],"battery-charging":[79],"systems,":[80],"medical":[81],"health,":[83],"physics,":[84],"etc.":[85],"Although":[86],"near-field":[87],"HT-SBF":[88],"ER-beam":[90],"have":[92],"been":[93],"studied":[94],"literature":[97],"applied":[99],"industry,":[102],"there":[103],"no":[105],"comprehensive":[106],"study":[107],"different":[109,145,164],"aspects":[110],"SBF":[112,172],"its":[114],"applications,":[116],"especially":[117],"nonoptical":[119],"[millimeter-wave":[120],"(mmWave),":[121],"sub-terahertz":[122],"(sub-THz),":[123],"THz]":[125],"electromagnetic":[126],"(EM)":[127],"waves":[128],"technology,":[132],"aim":[136],"this":[138],"article.":[139],"The":[140],"theoretical":[141],"concepts":[142],"behind":[143],"SBF,":[144,150,162],"antenna":[146],"technologies":[147],"implementing":[149],"employing":[151],"machine":[152],"learning":[153],"(ML)-based":[154],"schemes":[155],"enablers":[157],"training":[160],"practical":[165],"areas":[167],"that":[168],"benefit":[170],"from":[171],"will":[173],"explored.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
