{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3172127170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mts.2021.3056284","title":"A Wide Human-Rights Approach to Artificial Intelligence Regulation in Europe","display_name":"A Wide Human-Rights Approach to Artificial Intelligence Regulation in Europe","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3172127170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mts.2021.3056284","mag":"3172127170"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mts.2021.3056284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mts.2021.3056284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101091692","display_name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","issn_l":"0278-0097","issn":["0278-0097","1937-416X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081846657","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Salgado-Criado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4513-6273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Salgado-Criado","raw_affiliation_strings":["UPM, Spain","Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4513-6273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UPM, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001445757","display_name":"Celia Fern\u00e1ndez-Aller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0642-2058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celia Fernandez-Aller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8108,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93554959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":"55","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.6462241411209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redress","display_name":"Redress","score":0.6405508518218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.627578854560852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"Human rights","score":0.5970467925071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parliament","display_name":"Parliament","score":0.5244776606559753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5210644602775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5050526261329651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.45905622839927673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commission","display_name":"Commission","score":0.4504096806049347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislature","display_name":"Legislature","score":0.44311630725860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37511882185935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.3740921914577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.36834532022476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.32249701023101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.32180023193359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.293540358543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2847535014152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2421514093875885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1941365897655487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.16211414337158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.13904744386672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.13456496596336365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.6462241411209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776515129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7306218","display_name":"Redress","level":2,"score":0.6405508518218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.627578854560852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.5970467925071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781440851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35749","display_name":"Parliament","level":3,"score":0.5244776606559753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5210644602775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5050526261329651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.45905622839927673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.4504096806049347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.44311630725860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37511882185935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3740921914577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.36834532022476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.32249701023101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.32180023193359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.293540358543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2847535014152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2421514093875885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1941365897655487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16211414337158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.13904744386672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.13456496596336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mts.2021.3056284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mts.2021.3056284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101091692","display_name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","issn_l":"0278-0097","issn":["0278-0097","1937-416X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oa.upm.es:87193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oa.upm.es/87193/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402421","display_name":"Archivo Digital UPM (Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","host_organization_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, ISSN 02780097, 2021-06, Vol. 40, No. 2","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050520235","https://openalex.org/W2284867306","https://openalex.org/W2726952722","https://openalex.org/W2763302660","https://openalex.org/W2809628680","https://openalex.org/W2896252766","https://openalex.org/W2897154134","https://openalex.org/W2901099967","https://openalex.org/W2938506626","https://openalex.org/W2939191944","https://openalex.org/W2966881923","https://openalex.org/W3000603264","https://openalex.org/W3004693983","https://openalex.org/W3006864852","https://openalex.org/W3020321490","https://openalex.org/W3033094275","https://openalex.org/W3033706782","https://openalex.org/W3125703148","https://openalex.org/W4251358375","https://openalex.org/W6755535382","https://openalex.org/W6761385525","https://openalex.org/W6774595460","https://openalex.org/W6779719165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309241610","https://openalex.org/W4309241913","https://openalex.org/W2802821892","https://openalex.org/W2023822311","https://openalex.org/W3121584181","https://openalex.org/W2360901133","https://openalex.org/W4252661029","https://openalex.org/W2375791221","https://openalex.org/W2973293400","https://openalex.org/W1152665892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Editor's":[0],"note:":[1],"This":[2],"article":[3,209],"was":[4],"written":[5],"before":[6],"the":[7,10,30,36,42,64,75,84,95,103,107,128,132,144,153,166,211,219,225],"publication":[8],"by":[9,180],"EU":[11],"Commission":[12],"of":[13,29,41,66,83,106,112],"its":[14],"proposal":[15],"for":[16,147],"an":[17],"artificial":[18],"intelligence":[19],"(AI)":[20],"regulation":[21,38,108,133],"[29].":[22],"In":[23],"a":[24,110,118],"first":[25],"and":[26,54,63,73,172,187,203],"provisional":[27],"analysis":[28],"proposed":[31,37],"regulation,":[32,96],"we":[33,78,217],"observe":[34],"that":[35,81,127,130,157,216],"incorporates":[39,55],"some":[40,56],"basic":[43],"principles":[44,129],"laid":[45],"down":[46],"in":[47,87,138,207],"our":[48,88,208],"article:":[49],"it":[50],"prioritizes":[51],"fundamental":[52],"rights":[53,58],"human":[57],"principles,":[59],"such":[60],"as":[61],"accountability,":[62],"inclusion":[65],"governance":[67],"through":[68],"supervisory":[69],"authorities":[70],"to":[71,93,109,214],"implement":[72],"enforce":[74],"regulation.":[76],"Nevertheless,":[77],"still":[79],"feel":[80],"many":[82],"suggestions":[85],"present":[86],"article,":[89],"which":[90,181],"would":[91],"help":[92],"operationalize":[94],"are":[97,176],"not":[98],"addressed.":[99],"One":[100],"example":[101],"is":[102],"reduced":[104],"scope":[105],"list":[111],"\u201chigh":[113],"risk":[114,140,160],"applications,\u201d":[115],"leaving":[116,151],"without":[117],"legal":[119,170],"framework":[120],"all":[121,182],"other":[122,204],"AI":[123,148,191],"applications.":[124],"We":[125],"believe":[126],"inspire":[131],"should":[134],"also":[135],"be":[136],"applied":[137],"\u201clower":[139],"applications.\u201d":[141],"Defining":[142],"only":[143],"compliance":[145],"process":[146],"developers,":[149],"but":[150],"open":[152,213],"specific":[154],"technical":[155],"requirements":[156],"these":[158],"high":[159],"applications":[161],"shall":[162],"meet":[163],"leaves":[164],"untouched":[165],"existing":[167],"gap":[168],"between":[169],"language":[171],"engineering":[173],"practice.":[174],"There":[175],"no":[177],"described":[178],"mechanisms":[179],"stakeholders":[183],"(other":[184],"than":[185],"developers":[186],"implementers)":[188],"can":[189,222],"influence":[190],"development,":[192],"monitor":[193],"their":[194],"performance":[195],"or":[196],"claim":[197],"redress":[198],"if":[199],"harmed.":[200],"These":[201],"shortcomings":[202],"issues":[205],"presented":[206],"leave":[210],"door":[212],"loopholes":[215],"hope":[218],"European":[220],"Parliament":[221],"fix":[223],"during":[224],"legislative":[226],"process.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
