{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117565372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mswim67937.2025.11308878","title":"Policy-Guided ML for Energy Savings: Cell On/Off Switching under Operator QoS Constraints in Real 5G Networks","display_name":"Policy-Guided ML for Energy Savings: Cell On/Off Switching under Operator QoS Constraints in Real 5G Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117565372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mswim67937.2025.11308878"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mswim67937.2025.11308878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mswim67937.2025.11308878","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.05755","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060347528","display_name":"David Reiss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7701-0480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6585545","display_name":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00pwny267","country_code":"FR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6585545"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Reiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["UPC, ETSETB,Signal Theory and Communications,Barcelona,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UPC, ETSETB,Signal Theory and Communications,Barcelona,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I6585545"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121537729","display_name":"Miguel Catalan-Cid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166837","display_name":"AT4 wireless (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8nen40","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166837"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Catalan-Cid","raw_affiliation_strings":["I2cat,Mobile Wireless Internet Group,Barcelona,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"I2cat,Mobile Wireless Internet Group,Barcelona,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019036297","display_name":"Daniel Camps\u2010Mur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9956-5068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166837","display_name":"AT4 wireless (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8nen40","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166837"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Camps-Mur","raw_affiliation_strings":["I2cat,Mobile Wireless Internet Group,Barcelona,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"I2cat,Mobile Wireless Internet Group,Barcelona,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110692841","display_name":"Oriol Sallent","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6585545","display_name":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00pwny267","country_code":"FR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6585545"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oriol Sallent","raw_affiliation_strings":["UPC, ETSETB,Signal Theory and Communications,Barcelona,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UPC, ETSETB,Signal Theory and Communications,Barcelona,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I6585545"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52030314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"743","last_page":"746"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.607200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.607200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.15940000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.05169999971985817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.7648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6841999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5817999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.43209999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.7648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6841999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6801999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5817999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.570900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778160497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869830","display_name":"Service-level agreement","level":3,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140781008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221081","display_name":"Service quality","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2669999897480011}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mswim67937.2025.11308878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mswim67937.2025.11308878","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2606.05755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.05755","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.05755","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/460140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/records/17213968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2606.05755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.05755","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.05755","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8932183384895325}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1163591990","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101097083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1622782223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2317614305","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101096328","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5970690993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101096328","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8458984263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101097083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117565372.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7117565372.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008783708","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W3107100924","https://openalex.org/W4311399749","https://openalex.org/W4414405174","https://openalex.org/W7084122717"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"efficiency":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,65,74,78],"critical":[4],"concern":[5],"in":[6,124],"the":[7,17,45,99,105,112,131],"deployment":[8,123],"and":[9,22,92,117],"operation":[10],"of":[11,20,47,54],"5G":[12,23,144],"networks,":[13],"particularly":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,50,110,122],"low":[18],"utilization":[19],"4G":[21],"carriers":[24],"during":[25,103],"off-peak":[26],"hours.":[27],"While":[28],"considerable":[29],"research":[30],"has":[31,58],"focused":[32],"on":[33],"designing":[34],"energy-efficient":[35],"cell":[36],"on/off":[37],"switching":[38],"strategies":[39],"that":[40,82,86,130],"avoid":[41],"disrupting":[42],"user":[43],"connectivity,":[44],"integration":[46],"operator-specific":[48],"policies":[49,85],"guarantee":[51],"particular":[52],"Quality":[53],"Service":[55],"(QoS)":[56],"levels":[57,141],"received":[59],"limited":[60],"attention.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63],"presents":[64],"machine":[66],"learning":[67],"(ML)-based":[68],"energy":[69,115,135],"saving":[70],"strategy,":[71],"trained":[72],"using":[73],"real-world":[75],"dataset":[76],"from":[77],"European":[79],"mobile":[80],"operator,":[81],"enforces":[83],"operator-defined":[84],"jointly":[87],"consider":[88],"strong":[89],"throughput":[90],"requirements":[91],"maximum":[93],"outage":[94],"tolerance":[95],"constraints.":[96],"By":[97],"tuning":[98],"model\u2019s":[100],"class":[101],"ratios":[102],"training,":[104],"proposed":[106],"solution":[107],"enables":[108],"operators":[109],"manage":[111],"trade-off":[113],"between":[114],"savings":[116,136],"QoS":[118],"policy":[119],"compliance":[120],"prior":[121],"live":[125],"networks.":[126],"Evaluation":[127],"results":[128],"show":[129],"method":[132],"provides":[133],"substantial":[134],"while":[137],"maintaining":[138],"policy-compliant":[139],"service":[140],"under":[142],"realistic":[143],"operating":[145],"conditions.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-12-30T00:00:00"}
