{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2607299049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msst.2016.7897085","title":"REAL: A retention error aware LDPC decoding scheme to improve NAND flash read performance","display_name":"REAL: A retention error aware LDPC decoding scheme to improve NAND flash read performance","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2607299049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msst.2016.7897085","mag":"2607299049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/msst.2016.7897085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msst.2016.7897085","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 32nd Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437761","display_name":"Meng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6992-3722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062125860","display_name":"Fei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-4714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087956045","display_name":"Xubin He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5071-2861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xubin He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065112838","display_name":"Ping Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4931-4663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068445552","display_name":"Shunzhuo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-5560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunzhuo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329127","display_name":"Changsheng Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1271-0571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changsheng Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100437761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0803,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96629576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-density-parity-check-code","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","score":0.7681825160980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7643823623657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.7378541827201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.7068461775779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.6001400947570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bch-code","display_name":"BCH code","score":0.5712175369262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.49592313170433044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.4741976857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4163532555103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3612912893295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.35123586654663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.22098684310913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0767548680305481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67692717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187444","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","level":3,"score":0.7681825160980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7643823623657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.7378541827201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.7068461775779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.6001400947570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42276685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795705","display_name":"BCH code","level":3,"score":0.5712175369262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.49592313170433044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4741976857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4163532555103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3612912893295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35123586654663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.22098684310913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0767548680305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/msst.2016.7897085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msst.2016.7897085","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 32nd Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494735819","https://openalex.org/W1518608438","https://openalex.org/W1534925464","https://openalex.org/W1553622981","https://openalex.org/W1559393685","https://openalex.org/W1581667811","https://openalex.org/W1597315344","https://openalex.org/W1599102690","https://openalex.org/W1608061514","https://openalex.org/W1963809136","https://openalex.org/W1967782606","https://openalex.org/W1984463050","https://openalex.org/W1989717322","https://openalex.org/W2010390358","https://openalex.org/W2014536047","https://openalex.org/W2022636838","https://openalex.org/W2026900129","https://openalex.org/W2061512797","https://openalex.org/W2064435670","https://openalex.org/W2070196979","https://openalex.org/W2082570924","https://openalex.org/W2083774980","https://openalex.org/W2102646391","https://openalex.org/W2106747875","https://openalex.org/W2109190450","https://openalex.org/W2110395205","https://openalex.org/W2115165154","https://openalex.org/W2120444530","https://openalex.org/W2124570687","https://openalex.org/W2124799219","https://openalex.org/W2127421917","https://openalex.org/W2128765501","https://openalex.org/W2129821171","https://openalex.org/W2135764410","https://openalex.org/W2140253920","https://openalex.org/W2155433131","https://openalex.org/W2170723844","https://openalex.org/W2171258019","https://openalex.org/W2175509047","https://openalex.org/W2179360174","https://openalex.org/W2199682189","https://openalex.org/W2535010479","https://openalex.org/W3104074545","https://openalex.org/W3200692229","https://openalex.org/W4236170267","https://openalex.org/W6633130854","https://openalex.org/W6679248497","https://openalex.org/W6685607292","https://openalex.org/W6801632841"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2577537206","https://openalex.org/W2066694005","https://openalex.org/W2054139911","https://openalex.org/W1577524679","https://openalex.org/W2386432552","https://openalex.org/W4230869547","https://openalex.org/W3172524400","https://openalex.org/W1723747798","https://openalex.org/W4318948863","https://openalex.org/W2489439822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"technology":[1],"scaling":[2],"makes":[3],"NAND":[4,12,30,96,125,182],"flash":[5,13,48,60,132,147,160,183],"cells":[6],"much":[7,65],"denser.":[8],"As":[9],"a":[10,53,64,173],"result,":[11],"is":[14],"becoming":[15],"more":[16],"prone":[17],"to":[18,23,77,180,212],"various":[19],"interference":[20],"errors.":[21],"Due":[22],"the":[24,38,44,121,136,141,146,153,156,167,191,198,205,220,228,234,244],"hardware":[25],"circuit":[26],"design":[27],"mechanisms":[28],"of":[29,56,114,124,155,194,200],"flash,":[31],"retention":[32,133,174,195],"errors":[33,134,196],"have":[34],"been":[35,129],"recognized":[36],"as":[37,207],"most":[39],"dominant":[40],"errors,":[41],"which":[42],"affect":[43,149],"data":[45,79],"reliability":[46],"and":[47,117,203,218,240,249],"lifetime.":[49],"Furthermore,":[50],"after":[51],"experiencing":[52],"large":[54],"number":[55],"programm/erase":[57],"(P/E)":[58],"cycles,":[59],"memory":[61],"would":[62],"suffer":[63],"higher":[66],"error":[67,90,175,215],"rate,":[68],"rendering":[69],"traditional":[70],"ECC":[71],"codes":[72,87,104],"(typically":[73],"BCH":[74],"codes)":[75],"insufficient":[76],"ensure":[78],"reliability.":[80],"Therefore,":[81],"low":[82],"density":[83],"parity":[84],"check":[85],"(LDPC)":[86],"with":[88,105,152,243],"stronger":[89],"correction":[91,216],"capability":[92],"are":[93],"used":[94],"in":[95,145,158],"flash-based":[97],"storage":[98],"devices.":[99],"However,":[100],"directly":[101],"using":[102],"LDPC":[103,177,201,235],"belief":[106],"propagation":[107],"(BP)":[108],"decoding":[109,115,178,221,236],"algorithm":[110],"introduces":[111],"non-trivial":[112],"overhead":[113],"latency":[116,237],"hence":[118],"significantly":[119],"degrades":[120],"read":[122,184],"performance":[123],"flash.":[126],"It":[127],"has":[128],"observed":[130,168],"that":[131,227],"show":[135,226],"so-called":[137],"numerical-correlation":[138,192],"characteristic":[139,193,206],"(i.e.,":[140],"0-1":[142],"bits":[143,209],"stored":[144],"cell":[148],"each":[150,159],"other":[151],"leakage":[154],"charge)":[157],"cell.":[161],"In":[162],"this":[163],"paper,":[164],"motivated":[165],"by":[166,238],"characteristic,":[169],"we":[170],"propose":[171],"REAL:":[172],"aware":[176],"scheme":[179,189,231],"improve":[181,213],"performance.":[185],"The":[186],"developed":[187],"REAL":[188,230],"incorporates":[190],"into":[197],"process":[199],"decoding,":[202],"leverages":[204],"additional":[208],"decision":[210],"information":[211],"its":[214],"capabilities":[217],"decrease":[219],"latency.":[222],"Our":[223],"simulation":[224],"results":[225],"proposed":[229],"can":[232],"reduce":[233],"26.44%":[239],"33.05%,":[241],"compared":[242],"Logarithm":[245],"Domain":[246,251],"Min-Sum":[247],"(LD-MS)":[248],"Probability":[250],"BP":[252],"(PD-BP)":[253],"schemes,":[254],"respectively.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
