{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200457790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2021.3120978","title":"Surfing Virtual Waves to Thermal Tomography: From model- to deep learning-based reconstructions","display_name":"Surfing Virtual Waves to Thermal Tomography: From model- to deep learning-based reconstructions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200457790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2021.3120978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2021.3120978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2021.3120978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052379851","display_name":"P\u00e9ter Kov\u00e1cs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0772-9721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106118109","display_name":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jsq2704","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106118109"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["AT","FI","HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Kovacs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Numerical Analysis, ELTE, Budapest, Hungary","Institute of Signal Processing, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria","Tampere University of Technology, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Numerical Analysis, ELTE, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106118109"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Signal Processing, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University of Technology, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053582419","display_name":"Bernhard Lehner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7754-7042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123126","display_name":"Silicon Austria Labs (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/03b1qgn79","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123126"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Lehner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Silicon Austria Labs, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Silicon Austria Labs, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091386097","display_name":"Gregor Thummerer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6642-6448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121760703","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsx0x49","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121760703"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregor Thummerer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121760703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059921828","display_name":"G. Mayr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1686"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gunther Mayr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Josef Ressel Center for Thermal Nondestructive Evaluation of Composites, Wels, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Josef Ressel Center for Thermal Nondestructive Evaluation of Composites, Wels, Austria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083863868","display_name":"Peter Burgholzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3383-803X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143077","display_name":"Research Center for Non Destructive Testing (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/05cndr128","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143077"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Burgholzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Nondestructive Testing, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Nondestructive Testing, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049116697","display_name":"Mario Huemer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3164-7232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146193","display_name":"Linz Center of Mechatronics (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwv6530","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146193"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Huemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany","Institute of Signal Processing at JKU Linz, Linz, Austria","Klagenfurt University, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Signal Processing at JKU Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Klagenfurt University, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7706,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65001753,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"1","first_page":"55","last_page":"67"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6481334567070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.6195272207260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-conduction","display_name":"Thermal conduction","score":0.5855317115783691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5482093691825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.5414933562278748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.4875561594963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4685650169849396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4618903696537018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-flow","display_name":"Heat flow","score":0.4252947270870209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41961660981178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-generation","display_name":"Heat generation","score":0.41151243448257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.40758025646209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3757858872413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35850638151168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.23989272117614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.18602457642555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15643519163131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.1546327769756317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6481334567070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.6195272207260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172100665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7465774","display_name":"Thermal conduction","level":2,"score":0.5855317115783691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5482093691825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.5414933562278748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.4875561594963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4685650169849396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4618903696537018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985596519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat flow","level":3,"score":0.4252947270870209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41961660981178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020116064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Heat generation","level":2,"score":0.41151243448257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.40758025646209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3757858872413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35850638151168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.23989272117614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.18602457642555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15643519163131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.1546327769756317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2021.3120978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2021.3120978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6896255986","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P 33019-N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7644810043","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30747-N32","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102034696","https://openalex.org/W1566877408","https://openalex.org/W1570089119","https://openalex.org/W1594234351","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2048848908","https://openalex.org/W2070821284","https://openalex.org/W2076151654","https://openalex.org/W2078136408","https://openalex.org/W2088190196","https://openalex.org/W2100705753","https://openalex.org/W2119667497","https://openalex.org/W2138019504","https://openalex.org/W2240157315","https://openalex.org/W2564702678","https://openalex.org/W2570783352","https://openalex.org/W2593267956","https://openalex.org/W2800346540","https://openalex.org/W2905511907","https://openalex.org/W2952020389","https://openalex.org/W2982819275","https://openalex.org/W2996371558","https://openalex.org/W3007226780","https://openalex.org/W3011698130","https://openalex.org/W3041062426","https://openalex.org/W3048954580","https://openalex.org/W3093001193","https://openalex.org/W3094708300","https://openalex.org/W3107398221","https://openalex.org/W3169735729","https://openalex.org/W4249814984","https://openalex.org/W6639824700"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164918837","https://openalex.org/W2517246325","https://openalex.org/W1604511055","https://openalex.org/W2026847083","https://openalex.org/W2147047527","https://openalex.org/W2280716820","https://openalex.org/W2110633874","https://openalex.org/W2103193587","https://openalex.org/W2130109816","https://openalex.org/W2044843698"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thermographic":[0],"imaging":[1,53],"is":[2,20,26,54,61,70],"a":[3,45,55,71,130],"fast":[4],"and":[5,79,106,111],"contactless":[6],"way":[7],"of":[8,124],"inspecting":[9],"material":[10],"parts.":[11],"Usually,":[12],"with":[13],"model-driven":[14],"evaluation":[15],"procedures,":[16],"lateral":[17,37,78],"heat":[18,38,59,81,108],"flow":[19,39],"ignored,":[21],"and,":[22,83],"thus,":[23],"1D":[24],"reconstruction":[25,87,127],"applied":[27],"to":[28,32,115],"detect":[29],"defects.":[30],"However,":[31],"correctly":[33],"size":[34],"defects,":[35],"the":[36,95],"must":[40],"be":[41,101],"considered,":[42],"which":[43,125],"requires":[44],"full":[46],"3D":[47,50,107],"reconstruction.":[48],"The":[49,65],"thermal":[51],"defect":[52],"major":[56],"challenge":[57],"because":[58],"propagation":[60],"an":[62],"irreversible":[63],"process.":[64],"virtual":[66],"wave":[67],"concept":[68],"(VWC)":[69],"recently":[72],"developed":[73],"method":[74],"that":[75],"considers":[76],"both":[77],"axial":[80],"flows":[82],"therefore,":[84],"allows":[85],"multidimensional":[86],"at":[88,129],"improved":[89],"spatial":[90],"resolution.":[91],"This":[92],"approach":[93],"decomposes":[94],"problem":[96],"into":[97],"two":[98],"steps;":[99],"can":[100],"used":[102],"for":[103],"1D,":[104],"2D,":[105],"conduction":[109],"problems;":[110],"provides":[112],"new":[113],"alternatives":[114],"using":[116],"physical":[117],"priors":[118],"(e.g.,":[119],"nonnegativity":[120],"and/or":[121],"sparsity),":[122],"all":[123],"improve":[126],"accuracy":[128],"relatively":[131],"low":[132],"computational":[133],"cost.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
