{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208152093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2021.3106619","title":"The Hitchhiker\u2019s Guide to Bias and Fairness in Facial Affective Signal Processing: Overview and techniques","display_name":"The Hitchhiker\u2019s Guide to Bias and Fairness in Facial Affective Signal Processing: Overview and techniques","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208152093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2021.3106619","mag":"3208152093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2021.3106619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2021.3106619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/6534953","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036204035","display_name":"Jiaee Cheong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaee Cheong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032424779","display_name":"Sinan Kalkan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0915-5917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sinan Kalkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060090893","display_name":"Hatice G\u00fcne\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2407-3012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hatice Gunes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9837,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86280746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"6","first_page":"39","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9598000049591064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6988455057144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.5485386252403259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5359218120574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.5045489072799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4489178955554962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.44596967101097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.44477060437202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4295497238636017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3929615914821625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3574886918067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3565606474876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3477005958557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33386749029159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.32549792528152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2445749044418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.2102910876274109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.0787205696105957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6988455057144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.5485386252403259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5359218120574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5045489072799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4489178955554962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.44596967101097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44477060437202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4295497238636017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3929615914821625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3574886918067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3565606474876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3477005958557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33386749029159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32549792528152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2445749044418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.2102910876274109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0787205696105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2021.3106619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2021.3106619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:6534953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/6534953","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/6534953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://open.metu.edu.tr:11511/94545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/94545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:6534953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/6534953","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/6534953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2515323938","display_name":"Adaptive Robotic EQ for Well-being (ARoEQ)","funder_award_id":"EP/R030782/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5958960649","display_name":"Smart Working environments for all Ages","funder_award_id":"826232","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7830922211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R030782/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208152093.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208152093.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595126664","https://openalex.org/W2101414806","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2153822685","https://openalex.org/W2569124586","https://openalex.org/W2735777146","https://openalex.org/W2751039952","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2809878087","https://openalex.org/W2900572965","https://openalex.org/W2940983946","https://openalex.org/W2950113871","https://openalex.org/W2962925443","https://openalex.org/W2963854893","https://openalex.org/W2963917042","https://openalex.org/W2964116855","https://openalex.org/W2974817986","https://openalex.org/W2980906155","https://openalex.org/W2982232682","https://openalex.org/W3010981289","https://openalex.org/W3037771725","https://openalex.org/W3080625597","https://openalex.org/W3104842364","https://openalex.org/W3110600091","https://openalex.org/W3127463063","https://openalex.org/W3136092383","https://openalex.org/W3137215626","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W4285790115","https://openalex.org/W4287262329","https://openalex.org/W4289293239","https://openalex.org/W6740978692","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6756281437","https://openalex.org/W6763681302","https://openalex.org/W6767327189","https://openalex.org/W6780201975","https://openalex.org/W6786762066","https://openalex.org/W6791593765","https://openalex.org/W6791984583"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560936962","https://openalex.org/W2788727012","https://openalex.org/W2526386912","https://openalex.org/W4388203630","https://openalex.org/W2410591377","https://openalex.org/W2323113755","https://openalex.org/W2359476398","https://openalex.org/W2356645659","https://openalex.org/W2738162359","https://openalex.org/W2469507997"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"the":[1,8,13,28,39,80,90,100,120,125,131],"increasing":[2],"prevalence":[3],"of":[4,10,22,30,79,83,87,92,128],"facial":[5,58,93,114],"analysis":[6,60],"technology,":[7],"problem":[9,40],"bias":[11,56,84,112],"in":[12,113],"tools":[14],"is":[15],"now":[16],"becoming":[17],"an":[18,62,77],"even":[19],"greater":[20],"source":[21],"concern.":[23],"Several":[24],"studies":[25],"have":[26,35],"highlighted":[27],"pervasiveness":[29],"such":[31],"discrimination,":[32],"and":[33,54,85,97,102,110,122,134],"many":[34],"sought":[36],"to":[37,44,50,70,108],"address":[38],"by":[41,74],"proposing":[42],"solutions":[43],"mitigate":[45,111],"it.":[46],"Despite":[47],"this":[48,66],"effort,":[49],"date,":[51],"understanding,":[52],"investigating,":[53],"mitigating":[55],"for":[57,139],"affect":[59],"remain":[61],"understudied":[63],"problem.":[64],"In":[65],"work":[67],"we":[68],"aim":[69],"provide":[71],"a":[72],"guide":[73],"1)":[75],"providing":[76],"overview":[78],"various":[81],"definitions":[82],"measures":[86],"fairness":[88],"within":[89,124],"field":[91],"affective":[94,115],"signal":[95,116],"processing":[96],"2)":[98],"categorizing":[99],"algorithms":[101],"techniques":[103],"that":[104,137],"can":[105],"be":[106],"used":[107],"investigate":[109],"processing.":[117],"We":[118],"present":[119],"opportunities":[121],"limitations":[123],"current":[126],"body":[127],"work,":[129],"discuss":[130],"gathered":[132],"findings,":[133],"propose":[135],"areas":[136],"call":[138],"further":[140],"research.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}