{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117786822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2020.2983666","title":"The Vulnerability of Semantic Segmentation Networks to Adversarial Attacks in Autonomous Driving: Enhancing Extensive Environment Sensing","display_name":"The Vulnerability of Semantic Segmentation Networks to Adversarial Attacks in Autonomous Driving: Enhancing Extensive Environment Sensing","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117786822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2020.2983666","mag":"3117786822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2020.2983666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2020.2983666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.03924","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087966698","display_name":"Andreas B\u00e4r","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3962-8914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Bar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3962-8914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060975986","display_name":"Jonas L\u00f6hdefink","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Lohdefink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045474157","display_name":"Nikhil Kapoor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikhil Kapoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010576571","display_name":"Serin Varghese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-491X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serin John Varghese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065666645","display_name":"Fabian H\u00fcger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319473763","display_name":"Volkswagen Group (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01f3bhg26","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabian Huger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volkswagen Group Research, Wolfsburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen Group Research, Wolfsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083693267","display_name":"Peter Schlicht","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Schlicht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale, Lausanne"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale, Lausanne","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002593702","display_name":"Tim Fingscheidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8895-5041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Fingscheidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Communications Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8895-5041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communications Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087966698"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2638,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93609668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"1","first_page":"42","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8190855979919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7234872579574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.622817873954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6158885955810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5929099321365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5226473808288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5094371438026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4920296370983124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4526002109050751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4366239309310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4352881908416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.43309804797172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39918410778045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32544833421707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27456238865852356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8190855979919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7234872579574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.622817873954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6158885955810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5929099321365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5226473808288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5094371438026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4920296370983124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4526002109050751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4366239309310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4352881908416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.43309804797172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39918410778045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32544833421707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27456238865852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2020.2983666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2020.2983666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.03924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03924","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.03924","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:284489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/176737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WoS","raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.03924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03924","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.03924","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1918511498","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2047030012","https://openalex.org/W2097073572","https://openalex.org/W2107656445","https://openalex.org/W2139137304","https://openalex.org/W2219431285","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2582666574","https://openalex.org/W2592680288","https://openalex.org/W2738229973","https://openalex.org/W2869036160","https://openalex.org/W2904810222","https://openalex.org/W2950210851","https://openalex.org/W2962872506","https://openalex.org/W2963001136","https://openalex.org/W2963047332","https://openalex.org/W2963118571","https://openalex.org/W2963143631","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963389226","https://openalex.org/W2963564844","https://openalex.org/W2964097310","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W2964171870","https://openalex.org/W2964217532","https://openalex.org/W2969846350","https://openalex.org/W2970041285","https://openalex.org/W2974207853","https://openalex.org/W2979491204","https://openalex.org/W3089426421","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6729756640","https://openalex.org/W6742113789","https://openalex.org/W6745272055","https://openalex.org/W6748475379","https://openalex.org/W6757062936","https://openalex.org/W6768296422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W2969228573"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Enabling":[0],"autonomous":[1],"driving":[2],"(AD)":[3],"can":[4,58],"be":[5,59],"considered":[6],"one":[7,28],"of":[8,29,86,126,135,151],"the":[9,40,55,71,92,112,132,152,162],"biggest":[10],"challenges":[11],"in":[12,173,183],"today?s":[13],"technology.":[14],"AD":[15,174],"is":[16,35,129],"a":[17,98,178],"complex":[18],"task":[19],"accomplished":[20],"by":[21,38,44,61,97],"several":[22,45,79],"functionalities,":[23],"with":[24,141,167],"environment":[25,171],"perception":[26,34,172],"being":[27],"its":[30],"core":[31],"functions.":[32],"Environment":[33],"usually":[36],"performed":[37],"combining":[39],"semantic":[41,52,84,139],"information":[42,53],"captured":[43],"sensors,":[46],"i.e.,":[47],"lidar":[48],"or":[49],"camera.":[50,99],"The":[51,124],"from":[54],"respective":[56],"sensor":[57],"extracted":[60],"using":[62,89],"convolutional":[63],"neural":[64],"networks":[65],"(CNNs)":[66],"for":[67,138,170,180],"dense":[68],"prediction.":[69],"In":[70],"past,":[72],"CNNs":[73,101,136,169],"constantly":[74],"showed":[75],"stateof-the-art":[76],"performance":[77,104],"on":[78,105],"vision-related":[80],"tasks,":[81],"such":[82],"as":[83,116,177],"segmentation":[85,140],"traffic":[87],"scenes":[88],"nothing":[90],"but":[91],"red-green-blue":[93],"(RGB)":[94],"images":[95],"provided":[96],"Although":[100],"obtain":[102],"state-of-the-art":[103],"clean":[106],"images,":[107],"almost":[108],"imperceptible":[109],"changes":[110],"to":[111,115,121,130,143,160,175],"input,":[113],"referred":[114],"adversarial":[117,144,155],"perturbations,":[118],"may":[119],"lead":[120],"fatal":[122],"deception.":[123],"goal":[125],"this":[127,184],"article":[128],"illuminate":[131],"vulnerability":[133],"aspects":[134],"used":[137],"respect":[142],"attacks,":[145],"and":[146,164],"share":[147],"insights":[148],"into":[149],"some":[150],"existing":[153],"known":[154],"defense":[156],"strategies.":[157],"We":[158],"aim":[159],"clarify":[161],"advantages":[163],"disadvantages":[165],"associated":[166],"applying":[168],"serve":[176],"motivation":[179],"future":[181],"research":[182],"field.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}