{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982632705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2019.2933719","title":"Low-Power Neuromorphic Hardware for Signal Processing Applications: A Review of Architectural and System-Level Design Approaches","display_name":"Low-Power Neuromorphic Hardware for Signal Processing Applications: A Review of Architectural and System-Level Design Approaches","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982632705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2019.2933719","mag":"2982632705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2019.2933719","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2019.2933719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/7745/2/SPM_paper_accepted_1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048595299","display_name":"Bipin Rajendran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2960-6909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bipin Rajendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay","New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2960-6909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017236774","display_name":"Abu Sebastian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5603-5243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["CH","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abu Sebastian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India","IBM Research Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086679396","display_name":"Michael Schmuker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6753-4929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114090438","display_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/04cvxnb49","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Schmuker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany","University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114090438"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113631325","display_name":"Narayan Srinivasa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narayan Srinivasa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human\u2013Computer Intelligent Interaction group, Beckman Institute in University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","Machine Intelligence Research, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human\u2013Computer Intelligent Interaction group, Beckman Institute in University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence Research, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043271107","display_name":"Evangelos Eleftheriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3826-5931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH","GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evangelos Eleftheriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Diploma of Engineering, University of Patras, Greece","IBM Research Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3826-5931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diploma of Engineering, University of Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048595299"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575","https://openalex.org/I162827531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9598,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":180,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98403292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"6","first_page":"97","last_page":"110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.8625763654708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7975939512252808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.6713108420372009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6456742882728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5685222744941711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.5448148846626282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5160055160522461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5088543891906738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4810631275177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4574848711490631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4554242491722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.4203372299671173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.41300565004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3194567561149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3109217584133148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.1687798798084259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.13148632645606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09638312458992004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.8625763654708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7975939512252808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.6713108420372009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6456742882728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5685222744941711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.5448148846626282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5160055160522461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5088543891906738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4810631275177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4574848711490631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4554242491722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.4203372299671173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.41300565004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3194567561149597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3109217584133148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.1687798798084259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.13148632645606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09638312458992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2019.2933719","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2019.2933719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/21865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.03690","pdf_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/7745/2/SPM_paper_accepted_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dsapce.library.iitb.ac.in:100/27071","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/xmlui/handle/100/27071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400899","display_name":"DSpace (IIT Bombay)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","host_organization_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/65575969-93f3-49c3-9b58-397f727a3dc6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/65575969-93f3-49c3-9b58-397f727a3dc6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Rajendran, B, Sebastian, A, Schmuker, M, Srinivasa, N & Eleftheriou, E 2019, 'Low-Power Neuromorphic Hardware for Signal Processing Applications : A review of architectural and system-level design approaches', IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE, vol. 36, no. 6, 8888024, pp. 97-110. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2019.2933719","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/21865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.03690","pdf_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/7745/2/SPM_paper_accepted_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1747936769","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1710009; 2717.001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4756485743","display_name":"PROJECTED MEMRISTOR: A nanoscale device for cognitive computing","funder_award_id":"682675","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937468798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5512932363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"682675","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","funder_display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5766349579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"785907","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6541955536","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"682675","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6607577419","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"785907","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6682786556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1710009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6754083667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"785907","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2982632705.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2982632705.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W1983624302","https://openalex.org/W2014673260","https://openalex.org/W2030671441","https://openalex.org/W2058236517","https://openalex.org/W2067829054","https://openalex.org/W2069552454","https://openalex.org/W2093320793","https://openalex.org/W2115582366","https://openalex.org/W2117422822","https://openalex.org/W2130360162","https://openalex.org/W2131763976","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2147101007","https://openalex.org/W2159951683","https://openalex.org/W2163630896","https://openalex.org/W2169845174","https://openalex.org/W2292892480","https://openalex.org/W2314470091","https://openalex.org/W2389556795","https://openalex.org/W2506323698","https://openalex.org/W2745933219","https://openalex.org/W2749476078","https://openalex.org/W2769049661","https://openalex.org/W2779025322","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2798690537","https://openalex.org/W2801498385","https://openalex.org/W2900282770","https://openalex.org/W2903661963","https://openalex.org/W2905985412","https://openalex.org/W2907149254","https://openalex.org/W2963114950","https://openalex.org/W2963834742","https://openalex.org/W2964031418","https://openalex.org/W2964189286","https://openalex.org/W2964338223","https://openalex.org/W3099544558","https://openalex.org/W4298355310","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6684743947","https://openalex.org/W6749922295","https://openalex.org/W6929116918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2986579802","https://openalex.org/W3108691306","https://openalex.org/W4389237622","https://openalex.org/W2166309310","https://openalex.org/W4385753159","https://openalex.org/W4387251107","https://openalex.org/W4214914769","https://openalex.org/W3081559266","https://openalex.org/W3160415743","https://openalex.org/W3097013448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1],"has":[2,35],"emerged":[3],"as":[4],"the":[5,21,42,61,64],"dominant":[6],"tool":[7],"for":[8],"implementing":[9],"complex":[10],"cognitive":[11],"tasks":[12],"that":[13,67],"require":[14],"supervised,":[15],"unsupervised,":[16],"and":[17,69,85],"reinforcement":[18],"learning.":[19],"While":[20],"resulting":[22],"machines":[23],"have":[24],"demonstrated":[25],"in":[26,41,63,75],"some":[27],"cases":[28],"even":[29],"superhuman":[30],"performance,":[31],"their":[32,102],"energy":[33],"consumption":[34],"often":[36],"proved":[37],"to":[38,90,96,106],"be":[39,97],"prohibitive":[40],"absence":[43],"of":[44,56],"costly":[45],"supercomputers.":[46],"Most":[47],"state-of-the-art":[48],"machine-learning":[49,108],"solutions":[50],"are":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53],"memoryless":[54],"models":[55],"neurons.":[57],"This":[58],"is":[59,94],"unlike":[60],"neurons":[62,84],"human":[65],"brain":[66],"encode":[68],"process":[70,92],"information":[71,74,93],"using":[72],"temporal":[73],"spike":[76],"events.":[77],"The":[78],"different":[79],"computing":[80],"principles":[81],"underlying":[82],"biological":[83],"how":[86],"they":[87],"combine":[88],"together":[89],"efficiently":[91],"believed":[95],"a":[98],"key":[99],"factor":[100],"behind":[101],"superior":[103],"efficiency":[104],"compared":[105],"current":[107],"systems.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-17T08:19:37.847499","created_date":"2019-11-08T00:00:00"}