{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2079738573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2002.1028346","title":"Why watermarking is nonsense","display_name":"Why watermarking is nonsense","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2079738573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2002.1028346","mag":"2079738573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2002.1028346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2002.1028346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059864632","display_name":"Cormac Herley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8436-5776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Herley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research","Microsoft research#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft research#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059864632"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1567,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79604317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"5","first_page":"10","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9408000111579895,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.9480631351470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.723705530166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6662009954452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermarking-attack","display_name":"Watermarking attack","score":0.6395764350891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.620638906955719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.6138299107551575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5906440615653992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invisibility","display_name":"Invisibility","score":0.5270395874977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5042873620986938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5029024481773376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.48856839537620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illusion","display_name":"Illusion","score":0.4856030344963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47950249910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonsense","display_name":"Nonsense","score":0.4594714045524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4364168047904968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3775129020214081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3640168607234955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3438147306442261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.330453485250473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2292250394821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2012110948562622}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.9480631351470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.723705530166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6662009954452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122760801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2552011","display_name":"Watermarking attack","level":5,"score":0.6395764350891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.620638906955719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.6138299107551575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5906440615653992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50962388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762018","display_name":"Invisibility","level":2,"score":0.5270395874977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5042873620986938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5029024481773376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.48856839537620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184047640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182593","display_name":"Illusion","level":2,"score":0.4856030344963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47950249910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62923972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600499","display_name":"Nonsense","level":3,"score":0.4594714045524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4364168047904968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3775129020214081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3640168607234955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3438147306442261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.330453485250473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2292250394821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2012110948562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184685986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505167","display_name":"Multiple encryption","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69254412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554302","display_name":"Link encryption","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2002.1028346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2002.1028346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W4247939459","https://openalex.org/W2508768491","https://openalex.org/W1950090249","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"ease":[1],"with":[2],"which":[3],"early":[4],"watermarking":[5,46,81],"algorithms":[6],"were":[7],"broken":[8],"has":[9,32],"given":[10],"rise":[11],"to":[12,22,85,99],"a":[13,23,55,80],"new":[14],"set":[15],"of":[16,26,36,90],"schemes":[17],"that":[18,30,64,96],"are":[19,97],"usually":[20],"robust":[21],"wide":[24],"variety":[25],"attacks.":[27],"We":[28,61],"argue":[29],"this":[31,66],"created":[33],"an":[34,91],"illusion":[35],"progress,":[37],"when":[38],"in":[39,54],"reality":[40],"there":[41],"is":[42,67,70],"none.":[43],"Most":[44],"published":[45],"algorithms,":[47],"like":[48],"their":[49],"predecessors,":[50],"protect":[51,86],"all":[52,87],"objects":[53],"neighborhood":[56],"surrounding":[57],"the":[58],"marked":[59],"object.":[60],"point":[62],"out":[63],"while":[65],"necessary,":[68],"it":[69],"very":[71],"far":[72],"from":[73],"being":[74],"sufficient.":[75],"To":[76],"withstand":[77],"adversarial":[78],"attack,":[79],"scheme":[82],"would":[83],"have":[84],"valuable":[88],"variations":[89],"object,":[92],"not":[93],"merely":[94],"ones":[95],"close":[98],"it.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
