{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982838948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msecp.2003.1177004","title":"Software protection: security's last stand?","display_name":"Software protection: security's last stand?","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982838948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msecp.2003.1177004","mag":"1982838948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/msecp.2003.1177004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msecp.2003.1177004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61906035","display_name":"IEEE Security & Privacy","issn_l":"1540-7993","issn":["1540-7993","1558-4046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Security &amp; Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034078652","display_name":"Martin R. Stytz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.R. Stytz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042406406","display_name":"J. A. Whittaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9668-8441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106959904","display_name":"Florida Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04atsbb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.A. Whittaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida Tech, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4705,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82482864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"95","last_page":"98"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.8235782384872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7468500137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7075155973434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.7020648717880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6300947666168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-security-assurance","display_name":"Software security assurance","score":0.6000684499740601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","score":0.5752522945404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3986133337020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3566563129425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.33472198247909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.16886389255523682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.8235782384872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7468500137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7075155973434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.7020648717880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6300947666168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.6000684499740601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.5752522945404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3986133337020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3566563129425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.33472198247909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.16886389255523682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/msecp.2003.1177004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msecp.2003.1177004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61906035","display_name":"IEEE Security & Privacy","issn_l":"1540-7993","issn":["1540-7993","1558-4046"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Security &amp; Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2900235625","https://openalex.org/W3045279525","https://openalex.org/W1827256152","https://openalex.org/W288126387","https://openalex.org/W4361733095","https://openalex.org/W3023846186","https://openalex.org/W1982838948","https://openalex.org/W5066867","https://openalex.org/W3161810757","https://openalex.org/W2130605493"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"that":[1,56],"application":[2,24],"software":[3,45,53],"protection":[4,43,65],"is":[5],"necessary,":[6],"what":[7],"form":[8],"and":[9,23,49],"function":[10],"should":[11],"it":[12],"take?":[13],"There":[14],"are":[15,69],"three":[16,30],"principal":[17],"forms":[18],"of":[19,34,44,51],"protection:":[20],"watermarking,":[21],"obfuscation,":[22],"performance":[25],"degradation.":[26],"These":[27,67],"techniques":[28],"perform":[29],"main":[31],"functions:":[32],"detection":[33],"attempts":[35],"to":[36,54,77,81,84],"pirate,":[37],"misuse,":[38],"or":[39],"tamper":[40],"with":[41],"software,":[42],"against":[46],"those":[47],"attempts,":[48],"alteration":[50],"the":[52],"ensure":[55],"its":[57],"functionality":[58],"degrades":[59],"in":[60],"an":[61],"undetectable":[62],"manner":[63],"if":[64],"fails.":[66],"defenses":[68],"required":[70],"on":[71],"hardware":[72],"ranging":[73],"from":[74],"single":[75],"processors":[76],"small":[78],"computer":[79],"clusters":[80],"traditional":[82],"supercomputers":[83],"wide-area":[85],"distributed":[86],"computing.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
