{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417508581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3644903","title":"Is ChatGPT-Generated Code Really Green?: Evaluating AI-Generated Solutions for Energy-Efficient Coding Practices","display_name":"Is ChatGPT-Generated Code Really Green?: Evaluating AI-Generated Solutions for Energy-Efficient Coding Practices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417508581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3644903"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2025.3644903","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3644903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084068350","display_name":"Aman Swaraj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aman Swaraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India","Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633096","display_name":"Sandeep Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0747-6776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandeep Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India","Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084068350"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43521276,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"2","first_page":"42","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.4659999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.4659999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.07840000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.0568000003695488,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5388000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5365999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-engineering","display_name":"Domain engineering","score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-driven-architecture","display_name":"Model-driven architecture","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.3336000144481659}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.761900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5388000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5365999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5977032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5289815","display_name":"Domain engineering","level":5,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509989072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15188241","display_name":"Model-driven architecture","level":4,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22680326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444867","display_name":"Secure coding","level":5,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119024030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759899","display_name":"Call stack","level":3,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2025.3644903","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3644903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327037637","https://openalex.org/W4281884870","https://openalex.org/W4399382134","https://openalex.org/W4399667811","https://openalex.org/W4401078543","https://openalex.org/W4402389410","https://openalex.org/W4402665833","https://openalex.org/W4404848310","https://openalex.org/W4411173412","https://openalex.org/W4411447153","https://openalex.org/W4411447427","https://openalex.org/W4411950606"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"efficiency":[1],"has":[2,27],"become":[3,28],"an":[4],"important":[5],"concern":[6],"in":[7,75,112],"software":[8],"engineering":[9],"today.":[10],"At":[11],"the":[12,32,107],"same":[13],"time,":[14],"since":[15],"generative":[16],"AI":[17],"tools":[18],"have":[19,39],"got":[20],"deeply":[21],"integrated":[22],"into":[23],"coding":[24],"workflows,":[25],"it":[26,55],"crucial":[29],"to":[30,95,102],"analyze":[31,106],"greenness":[33],"of":[34,88,109],"AI-generated":[35,124],"code.":[36],"Previous":[37],"studies":[38],"mostly":[40],"approached":[41],"this":[42,51,80],"issue":[43],"quantitatively,":[44],"measuring":[45],"execution-time":[46],"or":[47],"joule-based":[48],"metrics.":[49],"While":[50],"approach":[52],"is":[53],"useful,":[54],"cannot":[56],"tell":[57],"us":[58],"completely":[59],"about":[60],"contextual":[61],"factors":[62],"such":[63],"as":[64],"implementation":[65],"choices":[66],"and":[67,114,130,148],"domain":[68,99],"constraints":[69],"that":[70],"may":[71],"effect":[72],"energy":[73],"use":[74],"real":[76],"projects.":[77],"To":[78],"address":[79],"gap,":[81],"we":[82,141],"conduct":[83],"a":[84,98],"qualitative,":[85],"domain-specific":[86],"study":[87],"around":[89],"200":[90],"Stack":[91,118],"Overflow":[92,119],"questions":[93],"related":[94,101],"deep":[96],"learning,":[97],"inherently":[100],"computational":[103],"costs.":[104],"We":[105],"responses":[108],"ChatGPT":[110],"4o-mini":[111],"detail":[113],"contrast":[115],"them":[116],"with":[117,127],"answers,":[120],"highlighting":[121],"patterns":[122],"where":[123,131],"code":[125],"aligns":[126],"good":[128],"practices,":[129],"human":[132],"reasoning":[133],"still":[134],"provides":[135],"advantages.":[136],"Based":[137],"on":[138],"our":[139],"findings,":[140],"present":[142],"several":[143],"implications":[144],"for":[145],"tool":[146],"designers":[147],"practitioners.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T06:41:57.775601","created_date":"2025-12-19T00:00:00"}