{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415179103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3618099","title":"Exploring Large Language Models\u2019 Potential for Privacy Leakage Detection in Android App Logs: An Empirical Study","display_name":"Exploring Large Language Models\u2019 Potential for Privacy Leakage Detection in Android App Logs: An Empirical Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415179103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3618099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2025.3618099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3618099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhiyuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4447-6541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4447-6541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119998174","display_name":"Vanessa Nava-Camal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanessa Nava-Camal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tiash Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2322-4393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiash Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2322-4393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhe Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4703-4339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4703-4339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050561540","display_name":"Yiming Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2378-8972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2378-8972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076840219","display_name":"Xueling Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9202-9764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueling Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100888007","display_name":"Haibo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3245-2728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3245-2728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33881124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"1","first_page":"57","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12799","display_name":"Mobile and Web Applications","score":0.9466000199317932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9053000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.8549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.604200005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-app","display_name":"Android app","score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"Privacy protection","score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-detection","display_name":"Activity detection","score":0.39340001344680786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.8549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.694599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.604200005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988045736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android app","level":3,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017597292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052250","display_name":"Privacy protection","level":2,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988656282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity detection","level":2,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017891749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android application","level":3,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020676391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155972","display_name":"Tablet pc","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2025.3618099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2025.3618099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027380800","https://openalex.org/W2134506494","https://openalex.org/W2618689158","https://openalex.org/W2624268855","https://openalex.org/W2727588793","https://openalex.org/W2784718811","https://openalex.org/W4384345685","https://openalex.org/W4392353733","https://openalex.org/W4394745423","https://openalex.org/W4403447501","https://openalex.org/W4403536981","https://openalex.org/W4406085105"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Android":[0,67,87,138],"app":[1,68,88,139],"logs":[2,24,140],"are":[3,25],"essential":[4],"resources":[5],"for":[6],"recording":[7],"runtime":[8],"information,":[9],"but":[10],"they":[11],"may":[12],"also":[13,132],"include":[14],"users\u2019":[15],"privacy":[16,19,64,84,115,123,135],"information.":[17],"Existing":[18],"leakage":[20,65,85,124,136],"detection":[21,49,100,130],"approaches":[22],"in":[23,47,66,86,94,120,137],"primarily":[26],"based":[27],"on":[28,37],"regular":[29],"expressions":[30],"or":[31],"keyword-based":[32],"searches,":[33],"which":[34],"heavily":[35],"rely":[36],"the":[38,41,58,99,104,111],"comprehensiveness":[39],"of":[40,60,114],"keyword":[42],"list":[43],"and":[44,77,125],"can":[45,82,92],"result":[46,93],"high":[48,95],"inaccuracy.":[50,96],"Therefore,":[51],"we":[52,74],"propose":[53],"two":[54],"research":[55],"questions":[56],"studying":[57],"ability":[59,91],"LLMs":[61],"to":[62,106,109],"detect":[63,83],"logs.":[69],"In":[70],"our":[71],"preliminary":[72],"experiment,":[73],"used":[75],"ChatGPT":[76,81,108],"found":[78],"that":[79,134],"while":[80],"logs,":[89],"its":[90],"After":[97],"improving":[98],"strategy":[101],"by":[102],"modifying":[103],"prompts":[105],"allow":[107],"learn":[110],"contextual":[112],"knowledge":[113],"leakage,":[116],"it":[117],"significantly":[118],"improved":[119],"detecting":[121],"more":[122],"reducing":[126],"false":[127],"positives.":[128],"The":[129],"results":[131],"indicate":[133],"is":[141],"a":[142],"non-trivial":[143],"issue.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-30T23:08:21.542490","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}
