{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389494962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2023.3340256","title":"Design Patterns for Machine Learning-Based Systems With Humans in the Loop","display_name":"Design Patterns for Machine Learning-Based Systems With Humans in the Loop","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389494962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2023.3340256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2023.3340256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2023.3340256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020433138","display_name":"Jakob Smedegaard Andersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8606-9743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087817","display_name":"Software (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/004g36n56","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087817"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Smedegaard Andersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Software Technology group, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Software Technology group, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087817","https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025426825","display_name":"Walid Maalej","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6899-4393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid Maalej","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020433138"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210087817"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.222,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83816795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"4","first_page":"151","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraining","display_name":"Retraining","score":0.7308083772659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7258729934692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5953967571258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.580399215221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5765582323074341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5746409296989441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5449995994567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-in-the-loop","display_name":"Human-in-the-loop","score":0.5328571796417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013machine-system","display_name":"Human\u2013machine system","score":0.48917248845100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4423918128013611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.41791489720344543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4130093455314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19218507409095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09762570261955261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.7308083772659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7258729934692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5953967571258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.580399215221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5765582323074341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5746409296989441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5449995994567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780626000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5936775","display_name":"Human-in-the-loop","level":2,"score":0.5328571796417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146047270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q469666","display_name":"Human\u2013machine system","level":2,"score":0.48917248845100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4423918128013611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.41791489720344543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4130093455314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19218507409095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09762570261955261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2023.3340256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2023.3340256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059362837","https://openalex.org/W2300445845","https://openalex.org/W2753079413","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2964759459","https://openalex.org/W2970769659","https://openalex.org/W2975605169","https://openalex.org/W3004483087","https://openalex.org/W3013149459","https://openalex.org/W3212936464","https://openalex.org/W4221116553","https://openalex.org/W4285267544","https://openalex.org/W4385573849","https://openalex.org/W6756615331","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2324273747","https://openalex.org/W2132524369","https://openalex.org/W2554981160","https://openalex.org/W2995270518","https://openalex.org/W1970902120","https://openalex.org/W4323796489","https://openalex.org/W50732979","https://openalex.org/W3001825839","https://openalex.org/W2325452240","https://openalex.org/W4300981851"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1],"and":[2,22,46,57,76,95,106],"deployment":[3],"of":[4,19,25,53,61,69,92],"systems":[5],"using":[6],"supervised":[7],"machine":[8],"learning":[9],"(ML)":[10],"remain":[11],"challenging:":[12],"mainly":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,29,49,72],"the":[16,23,40,51,59,90],"limited":[17],"reliability":[18],"prediction":[20],"models":[21],"lack":[24],"knowledge":[26],"on":[27],"how":[28],"effectively":[30],"integrate":[31],"human":[32,93],"intelligence":[33],"into":[34,85],"automated":[35,55],"decision-making.":[36],"Humans":[37],"involvement":[38,94],"in":[39,63],"ML":[41,62],"process":[42],"is":[43],"a":[44,67],"promising":[45],"powerful":[47],"paradigm":[48],"overcome":[50],"limitations":[52],"pure":[54],"predictions":[56],"improve":[58],"applicability":[60],"practice.":[64],"We":[65],"compile":[66],"catalog":[68,83],"design":[70],"patterns":[71],"guide":[73],"developers":[74],"select":[75],"implement":[77],"suitable":[78],"humanin-the-loop":[79],"(HiL)":[80],"solutions.":[81],"Our":[82],"takes":[84],"consideration":[86],"key":[87],"requirements":[88],"as":[89],"cost":[91],"model":[96],"retraining.":[97],"It":[98],"includes":[99],"four":[100,103],"training":[101],"patterns,":[102,105],"operation":[104],"two":[107],"orthogonal":[108],"cooperation":[109],"patterns.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2023-12-09T00:00:00"}