{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981920849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2019.2930609","title":"One-Click Formal Methods","display_name":"One-Click Formal Methods","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981920849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2019.2930609","mag":"2981920849"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2019.2930609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2019.2930609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044441669","display_name":"John Backes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Backes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inspector, Amazon Web Services, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inspector, Amazon Web Services, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041321243","display_name":"Pauline Bolignano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pauline Bolignano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering, Amazon Web Services, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering, Amazon Web Services, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112528389","display_name":"Byron Cook","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byron Cook","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, United Kingdom","University College, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084336108","display_name":"Andrew Gacek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0321-8155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Gacek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automated Reasoning, Amazon Web Services, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automated Reasoning, Amazon Web Services, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060968998","display_name":"Kasper S\u00f8e Luckow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-5934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kasper Soe Luckow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automated Reasoning, Amazon Web Services, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automated Reasoning, Amazon Web Services, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047763549","display_name":"Neha Rungta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-8940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neha Rungta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Formal Services, Amazon Web Services, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Formal Services, Amazon Web Services, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113884409","display_name":"Martin Sch\u00e4ef","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Schaef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering, Amazon Web Services, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering, Amazon Web Services, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012489417","display_name":"Cole Schlesinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9350-3041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cole Schlesinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Science, Amazon Web Services, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Science, Amazon Web Services, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028768405","display_name":"Rima S. Tanash","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rima Tanash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon Security Hub, Amazon Web Services, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon Security Hub, Amazon Web Services, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090965738","display_name":"Carsten Varming","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Varming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automated Reasoning, Amazon Web Services, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automated Reasoning, Amazon Web Services, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014360702","display_name":"Michael W. Whalen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-1435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Whalen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Proof Platforms, Amazon Web Services, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Proof Platforms, Amazon Web Services, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044441669"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1038,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92584183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"6","first_page":"61","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.7051441669464111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.6226406097412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6135292053222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace","display_name":"Aerospace","score":0.5520839095115662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.5042051076889038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.4771301746368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.4664295017719269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4530371129512787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.41771355271339417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.36581480503082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2499927580356598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22125211358070374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.7051441669464111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.6226406097412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6135292053222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167740415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2876213","display_name":"Aerospace","level":2,"score":0.5520839095115662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.5042051076889038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.4771301746368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.4664295017719269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4530371129512787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.41771355271339417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.36581480503082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2499927580356598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22125211358070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ms.2019.2930609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2019.2930609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6725529","display_name":"IEEE Software","issn_l":"0740-7459","issn":["0740-7459","1937-4194"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Software","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2884432391","https://openalex.org/W2908957302","https://openalex.org/W2914097741","https://openalex.org/W2962604136"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049993111","https://openalex.org/W1903167137","https://openalex.org/W2145025660","https://openalex.org/W2171674700","https://openalex.org/W1922520186","https://openalex.org/W1544097700","https://openalex.org/W1946493810","https://openalex.org/W1495250406","https://openalex.org/W17088386","https://openalex.org/W1608485412"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Formal":[0],"methods":[1,21,59],"are":[2],"mathematically":[3],"based":[4],"approaches":[5],"for":[6,47,60],"specifying,":[7],"building,":[8],"and":[9,18,40,62],"reasoning":[10],"about":[11],"software.":[12,74],"Despite":[13],"50":[14],"years":[15],"of":[16,44,57],"research":[17],"development,":[19],"formal":[20,58],"have":[22,31,52],"had":[23],"only":[24],"limited":[25],"impact":[26],"in":[27,34],"industry.":[28],"While":[29],"we":[30,51],"seen":[32,54],"success":[33],"such":[35,65],"domains":[36],"as":[37,66],"microprocessor":[38],"design":[39],"aerospace":[41],"(e.g.,":[42],"proofs":[43],"security":[45],"properties":[46],"helicopter":[48],"control":[49],"systems1),":[50],"not":[53],"wide":[55],"adoption":[56],"large":[61],"complex":[63],"systems,":[64],"web":[67],"services,":[68],"industrial":[69],"automation,":[70],"or":[71],"enterprise":[72],"support":[73]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
