{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391454287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2024.3351483","title":"Recent Developments of Subsurface Small-Leak Detection Techniques in Water Distribution Networks: A Review","display_name":"Recent Developments of Subsurface Small-Leak Detection Techniques in Water Distribution Networks: A Review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391454287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2024.3351483"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2024.3351483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2024.3351483","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/100/10474516/10418579.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics &amp; Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/100/10474516/10418579.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049118865","display_name":"Ruixuan Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-950X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruixuan Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands","Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technologies, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-950X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technologies, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021403340","display_name":"Ming Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-562X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Technology Institute, Jantina Tammes School of Digital Society, Technology and AI, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-562X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Technology Institute, Jantina Tammes School of Digital Society, Technology and AI, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082456316","display_name":"Doekle Yntema","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4432-6577"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doekle R. Yntema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technologies, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4432-6577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technologies, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5108,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95076321,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"108","last_page":"118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.687848687171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leak-detection","display_name":"Leak detection","score":0.6751714944839478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-scarcity","display_name":"Water scarcity","score":0.5425655245780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scarcity","display_name":"Scarcity","score":0.5107760429382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-security","display_name":"Water security","score":0.5035683512687683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leak","display_name":"Leak","score":0.4779341518878937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4562458097934723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4505579173564911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.38744428753852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.34279367327690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.32404130697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.32009777426719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-resources","display_name":"Water resources","score":0.2324676811695099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.16206830739974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.10964077711105347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.687848687171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987355568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420957","display_name":"Leak detection","level":3,"score":0.6751714944839478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51193700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376358","display_name":"Water scarcity","level":3,"score":0.5425655245780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.5107760429382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778570914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7973735","display_name":"Water security","level":3,"score":0.5035683512687683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349983","display_name":"Leak","level":2,"score":0.4779341518878937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4562458097934723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4505579173564911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38744428753852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.34279367327690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.32404130697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.32009777426719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.2324676811695099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.16206830739974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.10964077711105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2024.3351483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2024.3351483","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/100/10474516/10418579.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics &amp; Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/ffe9e29b-49cf-4a8e-a286-c7156399f462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/ffe9e29b-49cf-4a8e-a286-c7156399f462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Qi, R, Cao, M & Yntema, D 2024, 'Recent Developments of Subsurface Small-Leak Detection Techniques in Water Distribution Networks : A Review', IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 108 - 118. https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2024.3351483","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire/ffe9e29b-49cf-4a8e-a286-c7156399f462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/ffe9e29b-49cf-4a8e-a286-c7156399f462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Qi, R, Cao, M & Yntema, D 2024, 'Recent Developments of Subsurface Small-Leak Detection Techniques in Water Distribution Networks : A Review', IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 108 - 118. https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2024.3351483","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2024.3351483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2024.3351483","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/100/10474516/10418579.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics &amp; Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G86415702","display_name":"Entrepreneurial Multidisciplinary scientists forging Pathways Onto clean Water, sustainable Energy and Resources","funder_award_id":"101034321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320933","display_name":"Rijksuniversiteit Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331584","display_name":"Wetsus","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391454287.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391454287.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68706397","https://openalex.org/W1907913712","https://openalex.org/W1977269054","https://openalex.org/W1992771762","https://openalex.org/W1994198993","https://openalex.org/W1997045795","https://openalex.org/W1998885828","https://openalex.org/W2005419132","https://openalex.org/W2018635485","https://openalex.org/W2019406172","https://openalex.org/W2022343899","https://openalex.org/W2030277453","https://openalex.org/W2042159258","https://openalex.org/W2042204969","https://openalex.org/W2045618045","https://openalex.org/W2092125850","https://openalex.org/W2110176731","https://openalex.org/W2119437062","https://openalex.org/W2126530251","https://openalex.org/W2145458239","https://openalex.org/W2164445311","https://openalex.org/W2164487011","https://openalex.org/W2171358504","https://openalex.org/W2171901943","https://openalex.org/W2302256018","https://openalex.org/W2311515739","https://openalex.org/W2333824085","https://openalex.org/W2481324147","https://openalex.org/W2562141045","https://openalex.org/W2605274758","https://openalex.org/W2622704855","https://openalex.org/W2757285286","https://openalex.org/W2767035496","https://openalex.org/W2770548533","https://openalex.org/W2773855398","https://openalex.org/W2790549586","https://openalex.org/W2791508511","https://openalex.org/W2886005529","https://openalex.org/W2903940442","https://openalex.org/W2906035784","https://openalex.org/W2941216323","https://openalex.org/W2944225415","https://openalex.org/W2951718629","https://openalex.org/W2971689172","https://openalex.org/W2980577263","https://openalex.org/W2989504035","https://openalex.org/W3047555293","https://openalex.org/W3092272377","https://openalex.org/W3114470270","https://openalex.org/W3129093261","https://openalex.org/W3134804838","https://openalex.org/W3167033404","https://openalex.org/W3192714106","https://openalex.org/W3203672409","https://openalex.org/W3216444711","https://openalex.org/W4200092777","https://openalex.org/W4200291566","https://openalex.org/W4223493137","https://openalex.org/W4250501149","https://openalex.org/W4281260604","https://openalex.org/W4296741611","https://openalex.org/W4303628976","https://openalex.org/W4313148047","https://openalex.org/W6762571767"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248391087","https://openalex.org/W1974552052","https://openalex.org/W3190752329","https://openalex.org/W2388524737","https://openalex.org/W3212215638","https://openalex.org/W2905587153","https://openalex.org/W2991510434","https://openalex.org/W2559493477","https://openalex.org/W2964001726","https://openalex.org/W4321221714"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,47],"urban":[1],"population":[2],"grappling":[3],"with":[4,89],"water":[5,21,30],"scarcity":[6],"is":[7],"projected":[8],"to":[9],"reach":[10],"two":[11],"billion":[12],"people":[13],"by":[14],"2050.":[15],"Therefore,":[16],"mitigating":[17],"leaks":[18,42],"in":[19,77],"the":[20,36,50],"distribution":[22],"networks":[23,65],"(WDNs)":[24],"becomes":[25],"crucial":[26],"for":[27],"better":[28],"future":[29,74],"security.":[31],"This":[32,72],"review":[33,51],"article":[34],"summarizes":[35],"present":[37],"detection":[38,84],"capabilities":[39],"concerning":[40],"small":[41],"(less":[43],"than":[44],"1":[45],"L/s).":[46],"scope":[48],"of":[49,69,82],"encompasses":[52],"experiments":[53],"and":[54,87],"simulations":[55],"carried":[56],"out":[57],"using":[58],"in-pipe":[59],"robots":[60],"as":[61,63],"well":[62],"sensor":[64],"that":[66],"are":[67],"capable":[68],"continuous":[70],"monitoring.":[71],"aids":[73],"research":[75],"efforts":[76],"gaining":[78],"a":[79],"clearer":[80],"understanding":[81],"existing":[83],"techniques\u2019":[85],"strengths":[86],"limitations":[88],"small-leak":[90],"detections.":[91]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
