{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205775512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2021.3134875","title":"Design, Testing, and Evolution of Mars Rover Testbeds: European Space Agency Planetary Exploration","display_name":"Design, Testing, and Evolution of Mars Rover Testbeds: European Space Agency Planetary Exploration","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205775512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2021.3134875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2021.3134875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2021.3134875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046952914","display_name":"Mart\u00edn Azkarate","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-5422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148844","display_name":"HE Space (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mgk5851","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148844"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44377176","display_name":"European Space Research and Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03h3jqn23","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801994115","https://openalex.org/I44377176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Azkarate","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain","HE Space for the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-5422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HE Space for the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44377176","https://openalex.org/I4210148844"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019551456","display_name":"Levin Gerdes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7648-8928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148844","display_name":"HE Space (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mgk5851","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148844"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44377176","display_name":"European Space Research and Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03h3jqn23","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801994115","https://openalex.org/I44377176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Levin Gerdes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain","HE Space for the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7648-8928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HE Space for the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44377176","https://openalex.org/I4210148844"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010247287","display_name":"Tim Wiese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4789-6966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148844","display_name":"HE Space (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mgk5851","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148844"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44377176","display_name":"European Space Research and Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03h3jqn23","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801994115","https://openalex.org/I44377176"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Wiese","raw_affiliation_strings":["HE Space for the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HE Space for the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44377176","https://openalex.org/I4210148844"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038714210","display_name":"Martin Zwick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7247-6636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44377176","display_name":"European Space Research and Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03h3jqn23","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801994115","https://openalex.org/I44377176"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Zwick","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44377176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072860217","display_name":"Marco Pagnamenta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131328143","display_name":"Union Bank of Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/01ekk8h85","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131328143"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Pagnamenta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anybotics, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anybotics, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131328143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074378133","display_name":"Javier Hidalgo\u2010Carri\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-9285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Hidalgo-Carrio","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-9285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076829838","display_name":"Pantelis Poulakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44377176","display_name":"European Space Research and Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03h3jqn23","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801994115","https://openalex.org/I44377176"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pantelis Poulakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44377176"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016614745","display_name":"Carlos J. P\u00e9rez-del-Pulgar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5819-8310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos J. Perez-del-Pulgar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5819-8310","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0118,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85361217,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"3","first_page":"10","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.7212123870849609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breadboard","display_name":"Breadboard","score":0.6764437556266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6488827466964722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-exploration","display_name":"Space exploration","score":0.6210059523582458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mars-exploration-program","display_name":"Mars Exploration Program","score":0.5943781137466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modularity","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","score":0.5582816004753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5143867135047913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planetary-exploration","display_name":"Planetary exploration","score":0.4976337254047394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4872955083847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4699449837207794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4436267912387848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.4364508092403412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4292380213737488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.42500966787338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-research","display_name":"Space research","score":0.4210384488105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.41633307933807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.38510340452194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.35262250900268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2870703339576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrobiology","display_name":"Astrobiology","score":0.14518845081329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.11370483040809631}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.7212123870849609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14116294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174334","display_name":"Breadboard","level":2,"score":0.6764437556266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6488827466964722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104060986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180046","display_name":"Space exploration","level":2,"score":0.6210059523582458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83260615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6773121","display_name":"Mars Exploration Program","level":2,"score":0.5943781137466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5582816004753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5143867135047913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989411428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2368937","display_name":"Planetary exploration","level":3,"score":0.4976337254047394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4872955083847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4699449837207794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4436267912387848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.4364508092403412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4292380213737488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.42500966787338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92851284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15706425","display_name":"Space research","level":2,"score":0.4210384488105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.41633307933807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.38510340452194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.35262250900268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2870703339576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.14518845081329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11370483040809631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2021.3134875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2021.3134875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490449066","https://openalex.org/W1994936972","https://openalex.org/W2017872311","https://openalex.org/W2023242092","https://openalex.org/W2102811841","https://openalex.org/W2161322375","https://openalex.org/W2231823307","https://openalex.org/W2623138293","https://openalex.org/W2753263537","https://openalex.org/W2767694002","https://openalex.org/W2804846187","https://openalex.org/W2904568454","https://openalex.org/W2905443210","https://openalex.org/W2965298339","https://openalex.org/W3081208250","https://openalex.org/W6689553434","https://openalex.org/W6738799580"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W852496550","https://openalex.org/W2076621577","https://openalex.org/W1657732982","https://openalex.org/W2032268419","https://openalex.org/W2001794011","https://openalex.org/W2131956770","https://openalex.org/W2159725507","https://openalex.org/W1633702227","https://openalex.org/W144273052","https://openalex.org/W4205775512"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,99],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,16,32,38,56,87,92,107,114],"system":[4],"architecture":[5],"and":[6,36,41,48,76,84,110],"design":[7,100],"of":[8,34,58,65,106,113],"two":[9],"planetary":[10],"rover":[11],"laboratory":[12],"testbeds":[13],"developed":[14,26],"at":[15],"European":[17],"Space":[18],"Agency":[19],"(ESA).":[20],"These":[21],"research":[22,47],"platforms":[23],"have":[24,52],"been":[25,53],"to":[27,67],"provide":[28],"early":[29],"prototypes":[30],"for":[31,45,96,104],"validation":[33],"designs":[35,77],"serve":[37],"ESA\u2019s":[39],"Automation":[40],"Robotics":[42],"Lab":[43],"infrastructure":[44],"continuous":[46],"testing.":[49],"Both":[50],"rovers":[51],"built":[54],"considering":[55],"constraints":[57],"space":[59],"systems":[60],"with":[61],"a":[62,80],"sufficient":[63],"level":[64],"representativeness":[66],"allow":[68],"rapid":[69],"prototyping.":[70],"They":[71],"avoid":[72],"strictly":[73],"space-qualified":[74],"components":[75],"that":[78,91],"present":[79],"major":[81],"cost":[82],"burden":[83],"frequently":[85],"lack":[86],"flexibility":[88],"or":[89],"modularity":[90],"lab":[93],"environment":[94],"requires":[95],"its":[97],"investigations.":[98],"approach":[101],"is":[102],"followed":[103],"all":[105],"mechanical,":[108],"electrical,":[109],"software":[111],"aspects":[112],"system.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}