{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205900451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2021.3111835","title":"Toward Sustainable and Accessible Mobility: A Functional Electrical Stimulation-Based Robotic Bike With a Fatigue-Compensation Algorithm and Mechanism for Cybathlon 2020","display_name":"Toward Sustainable and Accessible Mobility: A Functional Electrical Stimulation-Based Robotic Bike With a Fatigue-Compensation Algorithm and Mechanism for Cybathlon 2020","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205900451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2021.3111835","mag":"3205900451"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2021.3111835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2021.3111835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics &amp; Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062268787","display_name":"Yeongjin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-001X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yeongjin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065951937","display_name":"Seung Ryeol Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2113-0328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung Ryeol Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083165659","display_name":"Sung Jun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7876-7901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungjun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064034208","display_name":"Tuani de Sa Rosa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuani de Sa Rosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Design and Robot Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Tech Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Design and Robot Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Tech Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017750473","display_name":"Yujin Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7197-0248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujin Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047462742","display_name":"Chaneun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-9119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaneun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010634041","display_name":"Jae-Han Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae-Han Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Design and Robot Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Tech Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Design and Robot Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Tech Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070441956","display_name":"Kiwon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3188-000X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiwon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016255256","display_name":"Jung-Yup Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0833-1547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung-Yup Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101720556","display_name":"Dongjun Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2321-5605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongjun Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062268787"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1671,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4524002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"4","first_page":"32","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10925","display_name":"Spinal Cord Injury Research","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-electrical-stimulation","display_name":"Functional electrical stimulation","score":0.8067313432693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-fatigue","display_name":"Muscle fatigue","score":0.6193646788597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.5410188436508179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"Rehabilitation","score":0.5046950578689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4807188808917999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.47106072306632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-cord-injury","display_name":"Spinal cord injury","score":0.4411013722419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.421375572681427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4093775749206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3669494390487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulation","display_name":"Stimulation","score":0.33459264039993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.3148469924926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromyography","display_name":"Electromyography","score":0.2905671000480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2247050702571869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16922897100448608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-cord","display_name":"Spinal cord","score":0.1631966531276703}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777766275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327643","display_name":"Functional electrical stimulation","level":3,"score":0.8067313432693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6940317","display_name":"Muscle fatigue","level":3,"score":0.6193646788597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.5410188436508179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.5046950578689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4807188808917999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47106072306632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415275","display_name":"Spinal cord injury","level":3,"score":0.4411013722419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.421375572681427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4093775749206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3669494390487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.33459264039993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3148469924926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.2905671000480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2247050702571869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16922897100448608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780775167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9606","display_name":"Spinal cord","level":2,"score":0.1631966531276703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2021.3111835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2021.3111835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics &amp; Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1803310617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A2C2008379","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3660641244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1F1A1055515","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W339107762","https://openalex.org/W1626322969","https://openalex.org/W1871704467","https://openalex.org/W1963503887","https://openalex.org/W1971009991","https://openalex.org/W1979860400","https://openalex.org/W1982106549","https://openalex.org/W1985696819","https://openalex.org/W2009178008","https://openalex.org/W2060727828","https://openalex.org/W2078513229","https://openalex.org/W2094294162","https://openalex.org/W2097757455","https://openalex.org/W2101784615","https://openalex.org/W2102414766","https://openalex.org/W2106222003","https://openalex.org/W2155540558","https://openalex.org/W2258873558","https://openalex.org/W2268207155","https://openalex.org/W2419846091","https://openalex.org/W2767279489","https://openalex.org/W2767760719","https://openalex.org/W2979306097","https://openalex.org/W4237844499","https://openalex.org/W4244213623","https://openalex.org/W6611532672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3097292012","https://openalex.org/W2333596669","https://openalex.org/W2377289941","https://openalex.org/W4226173244","https://openalex.org/W2185284597","https://openalex.org/W2443263652","https://openalex.org/W796878259","https://openalex.org/W2997780641","https://openalex.org/W4285117961","https://openalex.org/W2011117424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,31],"functional":[1],"electrical":[2],"stimulation":[3],"(FES)":[4],"bike":[5,25,38],"race":[6],"at":[7],"Cybathlon":[8],"is":[9],"a":[10,14,17,23,99,107,113,118,121],"competition":[11],"in":[12,35,128,148],"which":[13],"pilot":[15,122,141],"with":[16,26],"spinal":[18],"cord":[19],"injury":[20],"(SCI)":[21],"drives":[22],"robotic":[24,37],"using":[27,136],"his/her":[28],"paralyzed":[29,41],"muscles.":[30],"intelligent":[32],"technologies":[33],"embedded":[34],"the":[36,40,68,137,140],"stimulate":[39],"leg":[42],"muscles":[43,47],"and":[44,63,111],"allow":[45],"these":[46],"to":[48,67,80,94,132,144],"actuate":[49],"again.":[50],"This":[51],"advanced":[52],"equipment":[53],"enriches":[54],"people\u2019s":[55],"lives":[56],"by":[57],"expanding":[58],"their":[59],"mobility":[60],"for":[61,84,155],"rehabilitation":[62],"leisure.":[64],"However,":[65],"due":[66,131],"energy":[69],"consumption":[70],"of":[71],"human":[72],"muscles,":[73],"muscle":[74,96,133],"fatigue":[75,104],"should":[76],"be":[77],"properly":[78],"managed":[79],"maintain":[81],"high":[82],"speeds":[83],"long":[85],"durations.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88],"article,":[89],"we":[90],"propose":[91],"three":[92,157],"methods":[93],"manage":[95],"fatigue:":[97],"1)":[98],"stimulation-control":[100],"scheme":[101],"based":[102],"on":[103],"prediction,":[105],"2)":[106],"human\u2013vehicle":[108],"smart":[109],"interface,":[110],"3)":[112],"muscular":[114],"hypertrophy":[115],"program.":[116],"Without":[117],"fatigue-compensation":[119],"algorithm,":[120],"traveled":[123],"only":[124,156],"roughly":[125],"200":[126],"m":[127,147],"3":[129,149],"min":[130,150],"fatigue;":[134],"however,":[135],"proposed":[138],"methods,":[139],"was":[142],"able":[143],"travel":[145],"1,200":[146],"53":[151],"s,":[152],"after":[153],"training":[154],"months.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
