{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3121586817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2020.3045671","title":"Medical Robots for Infectious Diseases: Lessons and Challenges from the COVID-19 Pandemic","display_name":"Medical Robots for Infectious Diseases: Lessons and Challenges from the COVID-19 Pandemic","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3121586817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2020.3045671","mag":"3121586817"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2020.3045671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2020.3045671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040574825","display_name":"Antonio Di Lallo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-4177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125687163","display_name":"City College of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00wmhkr98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093530","display_name":"City College","ror":"https://ror.org/00h90tg62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093530"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Di Lallo","raw_affiliation_strings":["BIRO lab, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, City University of New York, City College, New York, NY 10031 United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIRO lab, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, City University of New York, City College, New York, NY 10031 United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632","https://openalex.org/I4210093530","https://openalex.org/I125687163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048150326","display_name":"Robin R. Murphy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-4312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Texas A&M, College Station, TX 77843-3112 United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-4312","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Texas A&M, College Station, TX 77843-3112 United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008331040","display_name":"Axel Krieger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-075X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Axel Krieger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, The John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-075X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072743312","display_name":"Junxi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5058-5738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125687163","display_name":"City College of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00wmhkr98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093530","display_name":"City College","ror":"https://ror.org/00h90tg62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093530"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junxi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, The City University of New York, City College, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The City University of New York, City College, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632","https://openalex.org/I4210093530","https://openalex.org/I125687163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004170925","display_name":"Russell H. Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6272-1100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell H. Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6272-1100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010637524","display_name":"Hao Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-7418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125687163","display_name":"City College of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00wmhkr98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093530","display_name":"City College","ror":"https://ror.org/00h90tg62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093530"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, The City University of New York, City College, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-7418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The City University of New York, City College, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632","https://openalex.org/I4210093530","https://openalex.org/I125687163"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040574825"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125687163","https://openalex.org/I174216632","https://openalex.org/I4210093530"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9128,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98484352,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.7813863754272461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6926917433738708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6674739122390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preparedness","display_name":"Preparedness","score":0.6643232107162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5556304454803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.49357855319976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.49335184693336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.4892129898071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.4744250178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.42229336500167847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36411288380622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.36389896273612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.33693546056747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.31648728251457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.13773834705352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13295501470565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.09831124544143677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.7813863754272461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6926917433738708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6674739122390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4583103","display_name":"Preparedness","level":2,"score":0.6643232107162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5556304454803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.49357855319976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.49335184693336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.4892129898071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.4744250178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.42229336500167847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36411288380622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36389896273612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.33693546056747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.31648728251457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.13773834705352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13295501470565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09831124544143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2020.3045671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2020.3045671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569195792","https://openalex.org/W1971088590","https://openalex.org/W2035571325","https://openalex.org/W2074946397","https://openalex.org/W2077529563","https://openalex.org/W2737491236","https://openalex.org/W2739204784","https://openalex.org/W2773415365","https://openalex.org/W2891714969","https://openalex.org/W2999684000","https://openalex.org/W3001232631","https://openalex.org/W3006293443","https://openalex.org/W3009063690","https://openalex.org/W3012780255","https://openalex.org/W3013935891","https://openalex.org/W3014170386","https://openalex.org/W3014294089","https://openalex.org/W3019006697","https://openalex.org/W3021077153","https://openalex.org/W3023376240","https://openalex.org/W3025890326","https://openalex.org/W3028167303","https://openalex.org/W3030387741","https://openalex.org/W3033772177","https://openalex.org/W3034013689","https://openalex.org/W3042021489","https://openalex.org/W3042763373","https://openalex.org/W3043102777","https://openalex.org/W3093735533","https://openalex.org/W3093849377","https://openalex.org/W3108053057","https://openalex.org/W3121924002","https://openalex.org/W3208043961","https://openalex.org/W6746956250","https://openalex.org/W6777100615","https://openalex.org/W6784502641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2055733372","https://openalex.org/W4205982952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medical":[0],"robots":[1,29],"can":[2],"play":[3],"an":[4,60],"important":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,30,100],"mitigating":[8],"the":[9,21,31,63,67,70,81],"spread":[10],"of":[11,33,62,66],"infectious":[12,116],"diseases":[13],"and":[14,25,42,49,73,92,103,111],"delivering":[15],"quality":[16],"care":[17],"to":[18,84,97,106,114],"patients":[19],"during":[20],"COVID-19":[22],"pandemic.":[23],"Methods":[24],"procedures":[26],"involving":[27],"medical":[28],"continuum":[32],"care,":[34,44],"ranging":[35],"from":[36],"disease":[37],"prevention,":[38],"screening,":[39],"diagnosis,":[40],"treatment,":[41],"home":[43],"have":[45],"been":[46],"extensively":[47],"deployed":[48],"also":[50,88],"present":[51],"incredible":[52],"opportunities":[53],"for":[54,76,109],"future":[55],"development.":[56],"This":[57],"article":[58],"provides":[59],"overview":[61],"current":[64],"state":[65],"art,":[68],"highlighting":[69],"enabling":[71],"technologies":[72],"unmet":[74],"needs":[75],"prospective":[77],"technological":[78],"advances":[79],"within":[80],"next":[82],"five":[83],"10":[85],"years.":[86],"We":[87],"identify":[89],"key":[90],"research":[91],"knowledge":[93],"barriers":[94],"that":[95],"need":[96],"be":[98],"addressed":[99],"developing":[101],"effective":[102],"flexible":[104],"solutions":[105],"ensure":[107],"preparedness":[108],"rapid":[110],"scalable":[112],"deployment":[113],"combat":[115],"diseases.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}