{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945214992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2019.2908063","title":"Underwater Robots: From Remotely Operated Vehicles to Intervention-Autonomous Underwater Vehicles","display_name":"Underwater Robots: From Remotely Operated Vehicles to Intervention-Autonomous Underwater Vehicles","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945214992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2019.2908063","mag":"2945214992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2019.2908063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2019.2908063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034972272","display_name":"Yvan P\u00e9tillot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1596-289X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085930","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/0059w0420","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yvan R. Petillot","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1596-289X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030334035","display_name":"Gianluca Antonelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5511-0165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Antonelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino, Southern Lazio, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5511-0165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino, Southern Lazio, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018009472","display_name":"Giuseppe Casalino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-4631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Casalino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033413776","display_name":"Fausto Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1954-5388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162703","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/05xagc088","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fausto Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1954-5388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO STO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation, La Spezia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034972272"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.6281,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":241,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99357589,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"94","last_page":"101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remotely-operated-underwater-vehicle","display_name":"Remotely operated underwater vehicle","score":0.8363023996353149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.7496904134750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watercraft","display_name":"Watercraft","score":0.6601218581199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.6453918814659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsea","display_name":"Subsea","score":0.62697434425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.5295594334602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remotely-operated-vehicle","display_name":"Remotely operated vehicle","score":0.49984312057495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention-auv","display_name":"Intervention AUV","score":0.41819632053375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.4155914783477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.34195151925086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33936798572540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.3349517583847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.21403053402900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.195794016122818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.13256213068962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09913009405136108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.0955304205417633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145424490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618465","display_name":"Remotely operated underwater vehicle","level":4,"score":0.8363023996353149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7496904134750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34101116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229765","display_name":"Watercraft","level":2,"score":0.6601218581199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.6453918814659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777737062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14898686","display_name":"Subsea","level":2,"score":0.62697434425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5295594334602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64228939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618465","display_name":"Remotely operated vehicle","level":2,"score":0.49984312057495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110071780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6057342","display_name":"Intervention AUV","level":5,"score":0.41819632053375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.4155914783477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.34195151925086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33936798572540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.3349517583847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.21403053402900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.195794016122818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.13256213068962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09913009405136108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0955304205417633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2019.2908063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2019.2908063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207116529","https://openalex.org/W1503618837","https://openalex.org/W1538672858","https://openalex.org/W1572897518","https://openalex.org/W1583808776","https://openalex.org/W1969142081","https://openalex.org/W1973573057","https://openalex.org/W1976915699","https://openalex.org/W1981574184","https://openalex.org/W2000483220","https://openalex.org/W2002774142","https://openalex.org/W2022640474","https://openalex.org/W2075586151","https://openalex.org/W2091307069","https://openalex.org/W2108975138","https://openalex.org/W2111843861","https://openalex.org/W2120122796","https://openalex.org/W2125097724","https://openalex.org/W2140933031","https://openalex.org/W2162201315","https://openalex.org/W2211822379","https://openalex.org/W2241813103","https://openalex.org/W2290038823","https://openalex.org/W2332283998","https://openalex.org/W2492811885","https://openalex.org/W2507516076","https://openalex.org/W2510997541","https://openalex.org/W2517154396","https://openalex.org/W2546644924","https://openalex.org/W2551865091","https://openalex.org/W2565322110","https://openalex.org/W2565686528","https://openalex.org/W2601194025","https://openalex.org/W2607515124","https://openalex.org/W2724476264","https://openalex.org/W2750992423","https://openalex.org/W2774508577","https://openalex.org/W2800766852","https://openalex.org/W2883571033","https://openalex.org/W2896815268","https://openalex.org/W2903702826","https://openalex.org/W2903857586","https://openalex.org/W2903948022","https://openalex.org/W2963779814","https://openalex.org/W3026829485","https://openalex.org/W3144852839","https://openalex.org/W4236833121","https://openalex.org/W4249074720","https://openalex.org/W4254730509","https://openalex.org/W6608490729","https://openalex.org/W6650858114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3167937627","https://openalex.org/W4285292718","https://openalex.org/W1644569631","https://openalex.org/W137594157","https://openalex.org/W2503844045","https://openalex.org/W1944101797","https://openalex.org/W2909348773","https://openalex.org/W2192795600","https://openalex.org/W2505455436","https://openalex.org/W1980741874"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remotely":[0],"operated":[1],"vehicles":[2,47,97,101,151],"(ROVs)":[3],"revolutionized":[4],"the":[5,13,58,63,83,90,136,143,146,178],"subsea":[6],"industry":[7],"when":[8],"they":[9,23,30,131],"were":[10,16],"introduced":[11],"in":[12,57,123,148,170],"1960s.":[14],"They":[15],"more":[17],"powerful":[18],"and":[19,22,34,43,60,70,76,107,117,128,156,165,167],"inherently":[20],"safer,":[21],"could":[24],"go":[25],"deeper":[26],"than":[27],"divers.":[28],"However,":[29],"require":[31],"a":[32,35,54],"tether":[33],"support":[36],"ship,":[37],"which":[38,153],"makes":[39],"their":[40,80,86,161],"use":[41],"complex":[42],"expensive.":[44],"Autonomous":[45],"marine":[46,64],"(AMVs)":[48],"have":[49,103,119,132],"long":[50],"been":[51,93,105,121],"seen":[52],"as":[53],"game":[55],"changer":[56],"exploration":[59],"exploitation":[61],"of":[62,145,180],"environment.":[65],"Repeated":[66],"access":[67],"to":[68,85,160],"remote":[69],"hazardous":[71],"places":[72],"for":[73],"data":[74],"gathering":[75],"intervention,":[77],"enabled":[78],"by":[79],"autonomy,":[81],"is":[82],"key":[84],"adoption.":[87],"While":[88],"historically":[89],"focus":[91],"has":[92],"on":[94,177],"autonomous":[95],"underwater":[96,150],"(AUVs),":[98],"unmanned":[99,149],"surface":[100],"(USVs)":[102],"recently":[104],"developed":[106],"adopted":[108,122],"at":[109],"an":[110,175],"increasing":[111],"rate.":[112],"Interestingly,":[113],"whereas":[114],"AMVs":[115],"(AUVs":[116],"USVs)":[118],"now":[120],"niche":[124],"areas":[125],"(bathymetric":[126],"surveys":[127],"mine":[129],"countermeasures),":[130],"not":[133],"yet":[134],"hit":[135],"mainstream.":[137],"In":[138],"this":[139],"article,":[140],"we":[141],"review":[142],"state":[144],"art":[147],"(UUVs),":[152],"include":[154],"ROVs":[155],"AUVs;":[157],"current":[158],"obstacles":[159],"adoption,":[162],"both":[163],"technical":[164],"commercial;":[166],"recent":[168],"advances":[169],"technology.":[171],"We":[172],"also":[173],"present":[174],"outlook":[176],"future":[179],"these":[181],"systems.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-02T08:42:23.175194","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}