{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2109217051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2005.1458320","title":"Robotics as a future and emerging technology biomimetics, cybernetics, and neuro-robotics in european projects","display_name":"Robotics as a future and emerging technology biomimetics, cybernetics, and neuro-robotics in european projects","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2109217051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2005.1458320","mag":"2109217051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2005.1458320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2005.1458320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11382/340305","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076392384","display_name":"Paolo Dario","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9489-0056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Dario","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Research in Microengineering (CRIM) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna , Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Research in Microengineering (CRIM) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna , Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067356214","display_name":"Maria Chiara Carrozza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7630-0865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.C. Carrozza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Robotic Technology and System (ARTS) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna , Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Robotic Technology and System (ARTS) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna , Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062776728","display_name":"Eugenio Guglielmelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8258-6073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125353","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico","ror":"https://ror.org/04gqx4x78","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Guglielmelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy","Campus  Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Campus  Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045065209","display_name":"Cecilia Laschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5248-1043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Laschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna , Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna , Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048610531","display_name":"Arianna Menciassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6348-1081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Menciassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna , Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna , Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080060929","display_name":"Silvestro Micera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4396-8217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Micera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna , Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna , Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000377578","display_name":"F. Vecchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8546-0246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Vecchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Robotic Technology and System (ARTS) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","[Advanced Robotic Technology and System (ARTS) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Robotic Technology and System (ARTS) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Advanced Robotic Technology and System (ARTS) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna, Pisa, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.95,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97885249,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"29","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.7168132662773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7116663455963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bionics","display_name":"Bionics","score":0.6567636132240295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybernetics","display_name":"Cybernetics","score":0.6517683863639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomimetics","display_name":"Biomimetics","score":0.6259285807609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5162779688835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.49718883633613586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sophistication","display_name":"Sophistication","score":0.44799181818962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4008558690547943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3944884240627289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.36990392208099365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.7168132662773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7116663455963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91316289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189131","display_name":"Bionics","level":2,"score":0.6567636132240295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115286129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123637","display_name":"Cybernetics","level":2,"score":0.6517683863639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165062768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145644","display_name":"Biomimetics","level":2,"score":0.6259285807609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5162779688835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.49718883633613586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168725872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q991663","display_name":"Sophistication","level":2,"score":0.44799181818962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4008558690547943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3944884240627289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.36990392208099365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2005.1458320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2005.1458320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/559499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10281/559499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/303209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11382/303209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/340305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11382/340305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/340305","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11382/340305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316},{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131881311","https://openalex.org/W585638923","https://openalex.org/W1498940341","https://openalex.org/W1546578603","https://openalex.org/W1554837758","https://openalex.org/W1561912693","https://openalex.org/W1573670163","https://openalex.org/W1676421722","https://openalex.org/W1903279326","https://openalex.org/W1977375951","https://openalex.org/W1992192651","https://openalex.org/W2004301693","https://openalex.org/W2043216597","https://openalex.org/W2061696957","https://openalex.org/W2066725876","https://openalex.org/W2099874441","https://openalex.org/W2101044015","https://openalex.org/W2120353831","https://openalex.org/W2122033411","https://openalex.org/W2129316790","https://openalex.org/W2134167019","https://openalex.org/W2136116176","https://openalex.org/W2159717066","https://openalex.org/W2164007032","https://openalex.org/W2165619603","https://openalex.org/W2168838142","https://openalex.org/W2189268927","https://openalex.org/W2582482107","https://openalex.org/W4205302717","https://openalex.org/W4233642774","https://openalex.org/W4242470988","https://openalex.org/W4250098981","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6613415756","https://openalex.org/W6678176261"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2978186605","https://openalex.org/W2007634935","https://openalex.org/W4234962351","https://openalex.org/W4236185375","https://openalex.org/W4390860461","https://openalex.org/W2804392859","https://openalex.org/W85909824","https://openalex.org/W4289022868","https://openalex.org/W2971987975","https://openalex.org/W2001770421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"evolution":[1,164],"of":[2,5,21,24,33,41,61,94,100,109,162,165],"the":[3,29,34,39,42,46,49,73,92,138,142,147,166,170],"paradigm":[4],"modern":[6],"biomechatronics":[7,26],"and":[8,31,37,63,81,102,104,111,119,151],"robotics":[9],"can":[10,67,90],"be":[11,68],"seen":[12],"in":[13,141,146,193],"two":[14,19],"main":[15],"directions,":[16],"standing":[17],"as":[18,65,128,158],"extremities":[20],"a":[22,58,97,106,178],"range":[23],"future":[25],"systems:":[27],"increasing":[28,38],"performance":[30,103],"miniaturization":[32,62],"hardware":[35],"platform":[36,186],"intelligence":[40,110],"integrated":[43],"system.":[44],"Regarding":[45],"first":[47],"direction,":[48],"current":[50],"challenge":[51],"is":[52,77],"to":[53,116,123,177,182],"develop":[54],"sophisticated":[55],"machines":[56,95],"with":[57,96,105,125],"higher":[59],"level":[60],"performance,":[64],"they":[66],"inspired":[69],"by":[70,137],"insects.":[71],"Towards":[72],"other":[74],"extremity,":[75],"there":[76],"research":[78],"on":[79],"intelligent":[80],"autonomous":[82],"robots,":[83],"like":[84],"humanoids.":[85],"At":[86],"intermediate":[87],"levels,":[88],"one":[89],"envisage":[91],"development":[93],"good":[98],"degree":[99,108],"sophistication":[101],"moderate":[107],"that":[112],"are":[113,156],"more":[114],"prone":[115],"human":[117],"supervision":[118],"control":[120],"or":[121],"even":[122],"integration":[124],"natural":[126],"bodies":[127],"bionic":[129],"components.":[130],"In":[131],"this":[132,163],"article,":[133],"three":[134,160],"projects":[135],"funded":[136],"European":[139],"Commission":[140],"5th":[143],"Framework":[144],"Programme,":[145],"Information":[148],"Society":[149],"Technology-Future":[150],"Emerging":[152],"Technologies":[153],"(IST-FET)":[154],"program,":[155],"presented":[157],"implementing":[159,187],"levels":[161],"biomechatronic":[167],"paradigm:":[168],"from":[169],"biomimetic":[171],"wormlike":[172],"microrobot":[173],"for":[174,190],"endoscopic":[175],"exploration":[176],"cybernetic":[179],"hand":[180],"prosthesis":[181],"an":[183],"anthropomorphic":[184],"robotic":[185],"learning":[188],"schemes":[189],"sensory-motor":[191],"coordination":[192],"manipulation.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}