{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1631937233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2004.1310940","title":"Warning: to err is human","display_name":"Warning: to err is human","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1631937233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2004.1310940","mag":"1631937233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2004.1310940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2004.1310940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003234718","display_name":"Yoji Yamada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-2030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Yamada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Safety Intelligence Research Group, Intelligent Systems Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)-METI, Tsukuba, Japan","Safety Intelligence Res. Group, Nat. Inst. of Adv. Ind. & Sci. Technol., Tsukuba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Intelligence Research Group, Intelligent Systems Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)-METI, Tsukuba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Safety Intelligence Res. Group, Nat. Inst. of Adv. Ind. & Sci. Technol., Tsukuba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021434167","display_name":"Tetsuya Morizono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-6057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4840577","display_name":"Toyota Technological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001hv0k59","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4840577"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Morizono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Information Department, Toyota Technological Institute","[Control and Information Department, Toyota Technological Institute]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Information Department, Toyota Technological Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4840577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Control and Information Department, Toyota Technological Institute]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4840577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043531573","display_name":"Yoji Umetani","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Umetani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024267790","display_name":"Hitoshi Konosu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293612202","display_name":"Toyota Motor Corporation (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0pbv75","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293612202","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Konosu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota Motor Company Limited","[Toyota Motor Company Limited]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Motor Company Limited","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Toyota Motor Company Limited]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293612202"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82618227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"34","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.787691593170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6532504558563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6147913336753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.558456540107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.5348609089851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5346146821975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5220786929130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4194328784942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4084134101867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.32078659534454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08859747648239136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.787691593170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6532504558563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6147913336753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.558456540107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.5348609089851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5346146821975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5220786929130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4194328784942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4084134101867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.32078659534454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08859747648239136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2004.1310940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2004.1310940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527310294","https://openalex.org/W1960145001","https://openalex.org/W1967320926","https://openalex.org/W1991946985","https://openalex.org/W2020979714","https://openalex.org/W2098506458","https://openalex.org/W2113856781","https://openalex.org/W2114137563","https://openalex.org/W2121483787","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2132549764","https://openalex.org/W2147900665","https://openalex.org/W2171850596","https://openalex.org/W2273522548","https://openalex.org/W2797148637","https://openalex.org/W3036155311","https://openalex.org/W4210651582","https://openalex.org/W4231607002","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301347335","https://openalex.org/W6678010980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W2025614924","https://openalex.org/W2294335174","https://openalex.org/W2097963413","https://openalex.org/W2995886640","https://openalex.org/W1591475660","https://openalex.org/W2001275470","https://openalex.org/W3145575561","https://openalex.org/W2164162849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article":[2],"we":[3],"describe":[4],"current":[5],"and":[6,85,100,117],"future":[7],"technologies":[8],"for":[9,91],"ensuring":[10],"the":[11,14,69,95,109,113,118],"safety":[12],"of":[13,41,68,94,111],"operators":[15],"maneuvering":[16],"a":[17,28,32,39,78],"Skill-Assist":[18,33],"working":[19],"in":[20],"an":[21,42],"automobile":[22],"final":[23],"assembly":[24],"process.":[25,121],"It":[26],"proposes":[27],"method":[29,55],"that":[30,76],"allows":[31,90],"to":[34,107],"detect":[35],"operation":[36],"slip":[37],"from":[38],"sequence":[40],"operator's":[43],"hand":[44],"motion":[45],"trajectory":[46],"data":[47,87],"represented":[48],"using":[49],"hidden":[50],"Markov":[51],"models":[52],"(HMM).":[53],"The":[54],"can":[56],"also":[57],"determine":[58],"either":[59],"safety-":[60],"or":[61],"productivity-oriented":[62],"control":[63,114],"policy":[64,84,96,115],"throughout":[65],"two-way":[66],"interpretation":[67],"belief":[70],"structure.":[71],"A":[72],"workability":[73,119],"improvement":[74,120],"process":[75],"comprises":[77],"fault-warning":[79],"(FW)":[80],"safety-preservation":[81],"(SP)":[82],"space":[83,99],"teaching":[86],"renewal":[88],"subprocesses":[89],"optimal":[92],"reconstruction":[93],"determinant":[97],"observation":[98],"HMMs.":[101],"Some":[102],"experimental":[103],"results":[104],"are":[105],"shown":[106],"demonstrate":[108],"effectiveness":[110],"both":[112],"determination":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}