{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4255372462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2002.1160069","title":"Millibots","display_name":"Millibots","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4255372462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2002.1160069"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2002.1160069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2002.1160069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017839147","display_name":"Luis E. Navarro\u2010Serment","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.E. Navarro-Serment","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044586324","display_name":"Robert Grabowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0926-1202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Grabowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087966309","display_name":"Christiaan J. J. Paredis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9739-3909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.J.J. Paredis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103011933","display_name":"P.K. Khosla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0509-2018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.K. Khosla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5045,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96814429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"31","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.8634516596794128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7091637253761292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6440292000770569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewpoints","display_name":"Viewpoints","score":0.5625813603401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-exchange","display_name":"Information exchange","score":0.45223116874694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.442600280046463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3362361192703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15708720684051514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.8634516596794128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7091637253761292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6440292000770569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.5625813603401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189693848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031064","display_name":"Information exchange","level":2,"score":0.45223116874694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.442600280046463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3362361192703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15708720684051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mra.2002.1160069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mra.2002.1160069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132261465","display_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","issn_l":"1070-9932","issn":["1070-9932","1558-223X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310207","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/059ex5q34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323037","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey","ror":"https://ror.org/03ayjn504"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515847741","https://openalex.org/W1549452097","https://openalex.org/W1999050017","https://openalex.org/W2127157498","https://openalex.org/W2134802489","https://openalex.org/W2136247341","https://openalex.org/W6630750689","https://openalex.org/W6632672362"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385368906","https://openalex.org/W2902924992","https://openalex.org/W2388758053","https://openalex.org/W2619807045","https://openalex.org/W2949734191","https://openalex.org/W2017333877","https://openalex.org/W4233821346","https://openalex.org/W1964067959","https://openalex.org/W4299853964","https://openalex.org/W2394513824"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Concerns":[0],"the":[1,89,110],"development":[2],"of":[3,60,77,93,96],"a":[4,9,40,57,71,75,94],"framework":[5],"and":[6,22,91,123],"algorithms":[7],"for":[8,34],"distributed":[10],"heterogeneous":[11],"robot":[12],"team.":[13],"Team":[14],"members":[15,39],"exchange":[16],"sensor":[17],"information,":[18],"collaborate":[19],"to":[20,30,70,115],"track":[21],"identify":[23],"targets,":[24],"or":[25],"even":[26,53],"assist":[27],"each":[28],"other":[29],"scale":[31],"obstacles.":[32],"As":[33],"sensing,":[35],"by":[36],"coordinating":[37],"its":[38],"team":[41,76,95,111],"can":[42,79,112],"exploit":[43,113],"information":[44,82],"derived":[45],"from":[46,83],"multiple":[47,84],"disparate":[48],"viewpoints.":[49],"A":[50],"single":[51,72],"robot,":[52],"though":[54],"equipped":[55],"with":[56],"large":[58],"array":[59],"different":[61],"sensing":[62],"modalities,":[63],"is":[64],"limited":[65],"at":[66],"any":[67],"one":[68],"time":[69],"viewpoint,":[73],"but":[74],"robots":[78,104],"simultaneously":[80],"collect":[81],"locations.":[85],"This":[86],"article":[87],"describes":[88],"design":[90],"construction":[92],"7":[97,100],"/spl":[98,101],"times/":[99,102],"7-cm":[103],"called":[105],"\"millibots\".":[106],"We":[107],"show":[108],"how":[109],"collaboration":[114],"perform":[116],"missions":[117],"such":[118],"as":[119],"mapping,":[120],"exploration,":[121],"surveillance,":[122],"eventually":[124],"support":[125],"rescue":[126],"operations.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}