{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388240427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mprv.2023.3323747","title":"BLE-Based Contact Tracing: Characterization of Distance Estimation Errors and Mitigation Options","display_name":"BLE-Based Contact Tracing: Characterization of Distance Estimation Errors and Mitigation Options","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388240427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mprv.2023.3323747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mprv.2023.3323747","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mprv.2023.3323747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24191132","display_name":"IEEE Pervasive Computing","issn_l":"1536-1268","issn":["1536-1268","1558-2590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Pervasive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048123392","display_name":"Barbara Nu\u00dfbaumm\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9140-9736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Nu\u00dfbaumm\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9140-9736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059345440","display_name":"Bernhard Etzlinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-1603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Etzlinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-1603","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010997059","display_name":"Karin Anna Hummel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5833-6832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karin Anna Hummel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5833-6832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048123392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9838,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77815161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"7","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11446","display_name":"Mobile Health and mHealth Applications","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8029432892799377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.6141284704208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6125708818435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5757941603660583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5639235377311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.5144136548042297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"Contact tracing","score":0.47760888934135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.4612855315208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32867711782455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.32050782442092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.29736632108688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24346554279327393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.18767264485359192}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8029432892799377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.6141284704208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6125708818435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5757941603660583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5639235377311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.5144136548042297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.47760888934135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.4612855315208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32867711782455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.32050782442092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.29736632108688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24346554279327393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18767264485359192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mprv.2023.3323747","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mprv.2023.3323747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24191132","display_name":"IEEE Pervasive Computing","issn_l":"1536-1268","issn":["1536-1268","1558-2590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Pervasive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327923","display_name":"Linz Center of Mechatronics","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwv6530"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1435960732","https://openalex.org/W1550742363","https://openalex.org/W2042705301","https://openalex.org/W2128633852","https://openalex.org/W2990235558","https://openalex.org/W3037521276","https://openalex.org/W3083979477","https://openalex.org/W3100769328","https://openalex.org/W3106386073","https://openalex.org/W3165104704","https://openalex.org/W3191471302","https://openalex.org/W4200369389","https://openalex.org/W4206269292","https://openalex.org/W4293024959","https://openalex.org/W4294811324","https://openalex.org/W4315783177","https://openalex.org/W4323269198"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387918499","https://openalex.org/W2772112465","https://openalex.org/W4386360526","https://openalex.org/W2368710903","https://openalex.org/W3130225502","https://openalex.org/W3158100496","https://openalex.org/W3206978831","https://openalex.org/W2170160357","https://openalex.org/W4287554683","https://openalex.org/W2012140923"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Contact":[0,15],"tracing":[1,16],"is":[2,52,135],"an":[3,136],"accepted":[4],"means":[5],"to":[6,118],"keep":[7],"track":[8],"of":[9,36,73],"human":[10],"infection":[11],"chains":[12],"during":[13,22],"epidemics.":[14],"smartphone":[17,107],"apps":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20],"deployed":[21],"the":[23,42,57,74,82,111],"recent":[24],"COVID-19":[25],"pandemic":[26],"are":[27,65],"widely":[28],"based":[29,96],"on":[30,97],"distance":[31,50,58,112],"estimation":[32,51,113],"by":[33],"privacy-preserving":[34,142],"use":[35],"Bluetooth":[37],"Low":[38],"Energy":[39],"(BLE).":[40],"Yet,":[41],"BLE":[43,84],"received":[44],"signal":[45,70],"strength":[46],"indicator":[47],"used":[48],"for":[49,122],"too":[53],"weakly":[54],"correlated":[55],"with":[56,87,105],"in":[59,127],"real":[60],"scenarios.":[61],"Major":[62],"impacting":[63],"factors":[64],"varying":[66],"body":[67],"shielding":[68],"and":[69,101,130],"propagation":[71],"characteristics":[72],"environment.":[75],"We":[76],"present":[77],"a":[78,88,106],"method":[79],"that":[80,110],"adjusts":[81],"common":[83],"pathloss":[85],"model":[86],"context":[89],"factor,":[90],"which":[91],"can":[92,115],"be":[93,116],"experimentally":[94],"derived":[95],"phone":[98],"carry":[99,125],"position":[100],"environment":[102],"detection.":[103],"Experiments":[104],"testbed":[108],"show":[109],"error":[114],"reduced":[117],"about":[119],"1":[120],"m":[121],"four":[123],"major":[124],"positions":[126],"short-distance":[128],"indoor":[129],"outdoor":[131],"settings.":[132],"This":[133],"result":[134],"encouraging":[137],"first":[138],"step":[139],"towards":[140],"reliable":[141],"contact":[143],"tracing.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}