{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412560971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast65744.2025.11083730","title":"Traffic Sign Recognition for Level-3 Autonomy: Efficient Deep Learning for Class-Imbalanced Datasets","display_name":"Traffic Sign Recognition for Level-3 Autonomy: Efficient Deep Learning for Class-Imbalanced Datasets","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412560971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast65744.2025.11083730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mocast65744.2025.11083730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast65744.2025.11083730","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 14th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109769305","display_name":"M. Mita","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Myrsini E. Mita","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,ELEDIA@AUTH,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,ELEDIA@AUTH,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006295664","display_name":"Lazaros Alexios Iliadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8090-1519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lazaros A. Iliadis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,ELEDIA@AUTH,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,ELEDIA@AUTH,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058591520","display_name":"Sotirios P. Sotiroudis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-9211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sotirios P. Sotiroudis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,ELEDIA@AUTH,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,ELEDIA@AUTH,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001670268","display_name":"Achilles D. Boursianis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5614-9056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Achilles D. Boursianis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,ELEDIA@AUTH,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,ELEDIA@AUTH,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063611169","display_name":"Maria S. Papadopoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9651-2144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183898223","display_name":"International Hellenic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00708jp83","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183898223"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria S. Papadopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Hellenic University,Department of Information and Electronic Eng.,Sindos,Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Hellenic University,Department of Information and Electronic Eng.,Sindos,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183898223"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031068531","display_name":"Sotirios K. Goudos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5981-5683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sotirios K. Goudos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,ELEDIA@AUTH,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,ELEDIA@AUTH,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109769305"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29198877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.958299994468689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6762735843658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6358515620231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.6115022897720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5503754019737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-recognition","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","score":0.5341694951057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.5107460021972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34242701530456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3358650207519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.3270376920700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10352274775505066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6762735843658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6358515620231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6115022897720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5503754019737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.5341694951057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.5107460021972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34242701530456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3358650207519531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.3270376920700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10352274775505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mocast65744.2025.11083730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast65744.2025.11083730","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 14th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117876524","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2949736877","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W3213918618","https://openalex.org/W4318777819","https://openalex.org/W4385386283","https://openalex.org/W4396855832","https://openalex.org/W6630259505","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6859304040","https://openalex.org/W6869706733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382897155","https://openalex.org/W4283820116","https://openalex.org/W4379231512","https://openalex.org/W4378699879","https://openalex.org/W3128164723","https://openalex.org/W4286647459","https://openalex.org/W2899819381","https://openalex.org/W2557202782","https://openalex.org/W3215426395","https://openalex.org/W2772251146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"driving":[1],"is":[2,25,44,67,114],"one":[3],"of":[4,63,101],"the":[5,117],"technologies":[6],"that":[7],"will":[8],"transform":[9],"future":[10],"transportation.":[11],"However,":[12],"fully":[13],"autonomous":[14,143],"vehicles":[15,144],"are":[16],"still":[17],"far":[18],"from":[19],"being":[20],"commercially":[21],"deployed.":[22],"Level3":[23],"autonomy":[24],"a":[26,107,138],"more":[27],"realistic":[28],"task":[29],"but":[30],"requires":[31],"robust":[32],"and":[33,49,78,106],"accurate":[34],"systems":[35],"for":[36,46,96,141],"interpreting":[37],"road":[38],"environments.":[39],"Traffic":[40,119],"sign":[41],"recognition":[42],"(TSR)":[43],"essential":[45],"improving":[47],"safety":[48],"adherence":[50],"to":[51,57,89],"traffic":[52],"laws":[53],"by":[54,69],"enabling":[55],"cars":[56],"make":[58],"educated":[59],"decisions.":[60],"The":[61,125],"reliability":[62],"traditional":[64],"TSR":[65],"techniques":[66,88],"limited":[68],"their":[70],"frequent":[71],"struggles":[72],"with":[73,132],"partial":[74],"occlusion,":[75],"complicated":[76],"backgrounds,":[77],"illumination":[79],"fluctuations.":[80],"This":[81],"study":[82],"employs":[83],"efficient":[84],"deep":[85],"learning":[86],"(DL)":[87],"tackle":[90],"these":[91],"challenges,":[92],"utilizing":[93],"methodologies":[94],"suitable":[95,139],"class-imbalanced":[97],"datasets.":[98],"An":[99],"ensemble":[100],"two":[102],"state-of-the-art":[103],"lightweight":[104],"models":[105],"novel":[108],"convolutional":[109],"neural":[110],"network":[111],"(CNN)":[112],"architecture":[113],"tested":[115],"on":[116],"German":[118],"Sign":[120],"Recognition":[121],"Benchmark":[122],"(GTSRB)":[123],"dataset.":[124],"proposed":[126],"approach":[127],"achieves":[128],"97.86":[129],"%":[130],"accuracy":[131],"little":[133],"computational":[134],"cost,":[135],"making":[136],"it":[137],"candidate":[140],"level-3":[142]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
