{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184628362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast52088.2021.9493386","title":"Darknet Traffic Classification using Machine Learning Techniques","display_name":"Darknet Traffic Classification using Machine Learning Techniques","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184628362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast52088.2021.9493386","mag":"3184628362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mocast52088.2021.9493386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast52088.2021.9493386","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 10th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006295664","display_name":"Lazaros Alexios Iliadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8090-1519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lazaros Alexios Iliadis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045070107","display_name":"Theodor\u03bfs N. Kaifas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8223-529X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theodoros Kaifas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.982,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96362002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8610799312591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.754112720489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6527262330055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6419422626495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5931838154792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.5405911207199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.5189885497093201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5171858072280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4766070246696472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.45580342411994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4414677023887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4167023003101349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.23845285177230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14504897594451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08918562531471252}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8610799312591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.754112720489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6527262330055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6419422626495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5931838154792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.5405911207199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.5189885497093201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5171858072280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4766070246696472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.45580342411994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4414677023887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4167023003101349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.23845285177230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14504897594451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08918562531471252}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mocast52088.2021.9493386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast52088.2021.9493386","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 10th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46659105","https://openalex.org/W1983831858","https://openalex.org/W2009086942","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2285593809","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2584135009","https://openalex.org/W2591712613","https://openalex.org/W2910068345","https://openalex.org/W2929803724","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2968156929","https://openalex.org/W2994688391","https://openalex.org/W3015471529","https://openalex.org/W3082712634","https://openalex.org/W3136205675","https://openalex.org/W4287828487","https://openalex.org/W6629510986","https://openalex.org/W6733091060","https://openalex.org/W6758101687","https://openalex.org/W6761439664","https://openalex.org/W6770955637","https://openalex.org/W6791752921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4376528628","https://openalex.org/W2924823884","https://openalex.org/W2470590370","https://openalex.org/W1537592868","https://openalex.org/W2215801697","https://openalex.org/W3011239835","https://openalex.org/W3207192536","https://openalex.org/W2910954186","https://openalex.org/W4200234001","https://openalex.org/W3172103400"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,34],"Darknet":[1,32,146],"is":[2,15,125],"an":[3],"overlay":[4],"network":[5],"within":[6],"the":[7,44,55,62,67,78,91,114,126,130,150],"Internet,":[8],"and":[9,66,74,87,101],"packets'":[10],"traffic":[11,147],"originating":[12],"from":[13],"it":[14],"usually":[16],"termed":[17],"as":[18],"suspicious.":[19],"In":[20,77],"this":[21],"paper":[22],"common":[23],"machine":[24,141],"learning":[25,142],"classification":[26,80,122,148],"algorithms":[27],"are":[28],"employed":[29,144],"to":[30,49,71,129],"identify":[31],"traffic.":[33],"ROC":[35],"analysis":[36,42],"along":[37],"with":[38,113],"a":[39,51,136],"feature":[40],"importance":[41],"for":[43,120,145],"best":[45,131],"classifier":[46],"was":[47,111],"performed,":[48],"provide":[50],"better":[52],"visualisation":[53],"of":[54,108,116,132,140],"results.":[56],"The":[57],"experiments":[58],"were":[59,69,83,94],"conducted":[60],"in":[61,90,149],"new":[63,151],"dataset":[64,152],"CIC-Darknet2020":[65],"classifiers":[68,143],"trained":[70],"both":[72,121],"binary":[73],"multiclass":[75],"classification.":[76],"first":[79,127],"task,":[81],"there":[82,93],"two":[84],"classes:":[85,96],"\"Benign\"":[86],"\"Darknet\",":[88],"whereas":[89],"second":[92],"four":[95],"\"Tor\",":[97],"\"Non":[98,102],"Tor\",":[99],"\"VPN\"":[100],"VPN\".":[103],"An":[104],"average":[105],"prediction":[106],"accuracy":[107],"over":[109],"98%":[110],"achieved":[112],"implementation":[115],"Random":[117],"Forest":[118],"algorithm":[119],"tasks.":[123],"This":[124],"work,":[128],"our":[133],"knowledge":[134],"providing":[135],"comprehensive":[137],"performance":[138],"evaluation":[139],"CIC-Darknet2020.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}