{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3088242298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast49295.2020.9200280","title":"Quantization Considerations of Dense Layers in Convolutional Neural Networks for Resistive Crossbar Implementation","display_name":"Quantization Considerations of Dense Layers in Convolutional Neural Networks for Resistive Crossbar Implementation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3088242298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast49295.2020.9200280","mag":"3088242298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mocast49295.2020.9200280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast49295.2020.9200280","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 9th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-605687.html","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071894058","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-6441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128143","display_name":"Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/02hm5m482","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128143","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT,Munich,Germany","Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027809059","display_name":"David Borggreve","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4203-8531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128143","display_name":"Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/02hm5m482","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128143","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Borggreve","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT,Munich,Germany","Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055904888","display_name":"Frank Vanselow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6451-1235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128143","display_name":"Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/02hm5m482","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128143","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Vanselow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT,Munich,Germany","Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Fraunhofer Research Institution for Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128143"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072312450","display_name":"Ralf Brederlow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8118-757X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Brederlow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich,Chair of Circuit Design,Munich,Germany","Chair of Circuit Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich,Chair of Circuit Design,Munich,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Circuit Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071894058"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128143"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3082,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57137858,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7517999410629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.6937497854232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.6571829319000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.639438807964325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-variation","display_name":"Process variation","score":0.5291816592216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.5188071131706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memristor","display_name":"Memristor","score":0.49175456166267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.48173788189888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.41416677832603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4082099497318268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3768211007118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.336545467376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2932929992675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.18240118026733398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10560804605484009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10350197553634644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7517999410629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.6937497854232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6571829319000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.639438807964325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93389723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247313","display_name":"Process variation","level":3,"score":0.5291816592216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.5188071131706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150072547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212923","display_name":"Memristor","level":2,"score":0.49175456166267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.48173788189888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.41416677832603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4082099497318268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3768211007118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.336545467376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2932929992675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.18240118026733398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10560804605484009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10350197553634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mocast49295.2020.9200280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mocast49295.2020.9200280","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 9th International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-605687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-605687.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer EMFT","raw_type":"conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/409027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/409027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-605687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-605687.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer EMFT","raw_type":"conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542981317","https://openalex.org/W1841592590","https://openalex.org/W2014402164","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2307193480","https://openalex.org/W2319920447","https://openalex.org/W2327625289","https://openalex.org/W2399958287","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2555324738","https://openalex.org/W2769433089","https://openalex.org/W2775771159","https://openalex.org/W2923010225","https://openalex.org/W3106392217","https://openalex.org/W4253860821","https://openalex.org/W6632520917","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6700264148","https://openalex.org/W6725693772"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200475668","https://openalex.org/W3172077596","https://openalex.org/W2625840880","https://openalex.org/W2911604189","https://openalex.org/W2951280857","https://openalex.org/W4303958936","https://openalex.org/W2605257365","https://openalex.org/W4285128459","https://openalex.org/W2408724663","https://openalex.org/W3088242298"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"accuracy":[1,220],"and":[2,25,38,45,59,86,109,141,151,158,163,212],"power":[3,27],"consumption":[4],"of":[5,20,29,63,82,97,170,197],"resistive":[6],"crossbar":[7,64],"circuits":[8],"in":[9,80,111],"use":[10],"for":[11,56,78,106,127,137,147,155,185,204,209,222],"neuromorphic":[12],"computing":[13],"is":[14],"restricted":[15],"by":[16,193],"the":[17,21,26,30,43,49,61,95,98,103,124,128,134,152,156,167,182,186,195,198],"process":[18,52],"variation":[19],"resistance-switching":[22],"(memristive)":[23],"device":[24],"overhead":[28],"mixed-signal":[31,57],"circuits,":[32],"such":[33],"as":[34],"analog-digital":[35],"converters":[36,40],"(ADCs)":[37],"digital-analog":[39],"(DACs).":[41],"Reducing":[42],"signal-":[44],"weight-resolution":[46],"can":[47,131,214],"improve":[48],"robustness":[50],"against":[51],"variation,":[53],"relax":[54],"requirements":[55],"devices,":[58],"simplify":[60],"implementation":[62],"circuits.":[65],"This":[66,118,143],"work":[67,93,144,176],"aims":[68],"to":[69,73,165,180,190],"establish":[70],"a":[71,112,178],"methodology":[72],"achieve":[74],"low-resolution":[75],"dense":[76,99,129,172,187],"layers":[77],"CNNs":[79],"terms":[81],"network":[83,116,125,161],"architecture":[84,126,149],"selection":[85,150],"quantization":[87,153,208],"method.":[88],"To":[89],"this":[90,92,175],"end,":[91],"studies":[94],"impact":[96],"layer":[100,130,188],"configuration":[101],"on":[102],"required":[104,135],"resolution":[105,136,169,184],"its":[107,138],"inputs":[108,210],"weights":[110,213],"small":[113,202],"convolutional":[114],"neural":[115,160],"(CNN).":[117],"analysis":[119],"shows":[120],"that":[121],"carefully":[122],"selecting":[123],"significantly":[132],"reduce":[133,166,181],"input":[139,183,199],"signals":[140,211],"weights.":[142],"reviews":[145],"criteria":[146],"appropriate":[148],"method":[154,179],"binary":[157],"ternary":[159],"(BNN":[162],"TNN)":[164],"weight":[168],"CNN":[171,203],"layers.":[173],"Furthermore,":[174],"presents":[177],"down":[189],"one":[191],"bit":[192],"analyzing":[194],"distribution":[196],"values.":[200],"A":[201],"inference":[205],"with":[206,217],"one-bit":[207],"be":[215],"realized":[216],"only":[218],"0.68%":[219],"degradation":[221],"MNIST":[223],"Dataset.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
