{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416513120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3631390","title":"A Graph Isomorphism Network-Based Deep Learning Approach to Mitigate Smart Contract Vulnerabilities in Smart Grids","display_name":"A Graph Isomorphism Network-Based Deep Learning Approach to Mitigate Smart Contract Vulnerabilities in Smart Grids","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416513120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3631390"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.2025.3631390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3631390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117467306","display_name":"Lahcen Hassine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75880681","display_name":"Hassania School of Public Works","ror":"https://ror.org/01ye8vh67","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lahcen Hassine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP), Laboratory Engineering System, SIRC Team, Casablanca, Morocco","Laboratory Engineering System, SIRC Team, Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP), Casablanca, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9878-5919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP), Laboratory Engineering System, SIRC Team, Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Engineering System, SIRC Team, Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP), Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093251139","display_name":"Hasna Chaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3051-2379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52066220","display_name":"Instituto Superior da Maia","ror":"https://ror.org/04f761z39","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52066220"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasna Chaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, GL-ISI Team, FST Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco","Department of Computer Sciences, FST Errachidia, GL-ISI Team, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3051-2379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, GL-ISI Team, FST Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52066220"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, FST Errachidia, GL-ISI Team, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52066220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032153224","display_name":"Nordine Quadar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0782-5825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52066220","display_name":"Instituto Superior da Maia","ror":"https://ror.org/04f761z39","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52066220"]}],"countries":["CA","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nordine Quadar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, GL-ISI Team, FST Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco","Computer Sciences and Mathematics Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0782-5825","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, GL-ISI Team, FST Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52066220"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences and Mathematics Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064506479","display_name":"Rachid Saadane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-8313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75880681","display_name":"Hassania School of Public Works","ror":"https://ror.org/01ye8vh67","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachid Saadane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP), Laboratory Engineering System, SIRC Team, Casablanca, Morocco","Laboratory Engineering System, SIRC Team, Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP), Casablanca, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-8313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP), Laboratory Engineering System, SIRC Team, Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Engineering System, SIRC Team, Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP), Casablanca, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072168384","display_name":"Abdeslam Jakimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1425-3474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52066220","display_name":"Instituto Superior da Maia","ror":"https://ror.org/04f761z39","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52066220"]}],"countries":["CA","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdeslam Jakimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Sciences and Mathematics Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada","Department of Computer Sciences, FST Errachidia, GL-ISI Team, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1425-3474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Sciences and Mathematics Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, FST Errachidia, GL-ISI Team, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52066220"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91300736,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":"90","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9150000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9150000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delegate","display_name":"Delegate","score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.3483999967575073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.828499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5242999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4772000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143273055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2382794","display_name":"Delegate","level":2,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.2025.3631390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3631390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1],"suffer":[2],"from":[3],"critical":[4],"vulnerabilities":[5,47,104],"such":[6],"as":[7],"reentrancy":[8],"attacks,":[9],"delegate":[10],"call":[11],"misuse,":[12],"and":[13,45,81,128],"timestamp":[14],"dependencies,":[15],"posing":[16],"significant":[17],"risks":[18],"when":[19],"deployed":[20],"in":[21,102],"smart":[22,131],"grids.":[23],"This":[24,50],"paper":[25],"proposes":[26],"a":[27,55],"solution":[28],"that":[29],"integrates":[30],"deep":[31,124],"learning":[32,125],"techniques":[33],"based":[34],"on":[35,54],"the":[36,68,78,88,91,98,121],"Graph":[37],"Isomorphism":[38],"Network":[39],"(GIN)":[40],"to":[41,66,126],"analyze":[42],"Solidity":[43],"code":[44],"detect":[46],"before":[48],"deployment.":[49],"model":[51],"was":[52],"trained":[53],"dataset":[56],"of":[57,77,90,100,108,123],"vulnerable":[58],"contracts,":[59],"leveraging":[60],"automated":[61],"hyperparameter":[62],"optimization":[63],"via":[64],"Optuna":[65],"fine-tune":[67],"model\u2019s":[69,79],"performance.":[70],"Performance":[71],"evaluations":[72],"supported":[73],"by":[74,113],"visual":[75],"analysis":[76],"pre-":[80],"post-training":[82],"weights":[83],"provide":[84],"essential":[85],"insights":[86],"into":[87],"behavior":[89],"proposed":[92],"approach.":[93],"The":[94],"experimental":[95],"results":[96],"demonstrated":[97],"effectiveness":[99],"GIN":[101],"identifying":[103],"with":[105],"an":[106],"accuracy":[107],"95.26%,":[109],"outperforming":[110],"previous":[111],"studies":[112],"more":[114],"than":[115],"2%.":[116],"These":[117],"new":[118],"findings":[119],"highlight":[120],"potential":[122],"secure":[127],"develop":[129],"resilient":[130],"grid":[132],"infrastructures.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}
