{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414693320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3607945","title":"Toward Sustainable Low-Carbon IoT for 6G: Green Energy-Charged WPCN","display_name":"Toward Sustainable Low-Carbon IoT for 6G: Green Energy-Charged WPCN","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414693320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3607945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.2025.3607945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3607945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368931","display_name":"Xiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6714-1339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801441622","display_name":"China Railway Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/044wv3489","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801441622","https://openalex.org/I4210122102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, and the National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6714-1339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, and the National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801441622"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042668908","display_name":"Ke Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9364-0207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801441622","display_name":"China Railway Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/044wv3489","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801441622","https://openalex.org/I4210122102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, and the National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9364-0207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, and the National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801441622"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiale Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9057-9165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801441622","display_name":"China Railway Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/044wv3489","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801441622","https://openalex.org/I4210122102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiale Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, and the National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9057-9165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, and the National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, the Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Engineering Research Center of Network Management Technology for High Speed Railway, Ministry of Education, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801441622"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108049716","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9066-1448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9066-1448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079233004","display_name":"Pingyi Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-6079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pingyi Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-6079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006080984","display_name":"Derrick Wing Kwan Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-712X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derrick Wing Kwan Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-712X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079052203","display_name":"Khaled B. Letaief","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-6401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Ben Letaief","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-6401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6145,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65358966,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"4","first_page":"145","last_page":"154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"Transformative learning","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grasp","display_name":"GRASP","score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.3628999888896942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7415000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75027835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064746","display_name":"Green computing","level":3,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48209547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331104","display_name":"Controllability","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779423816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6856398","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","level":3,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110994511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661020","display_name":"Next-generation network","level":3,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.2025.3607945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3607945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-167272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-167272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"upcoming":[1,120],"sixth-generation":[2],"(6G)":[3],"communication":[4,75],"system":[5],"requires":[6],"to":[7,16,111],"deploy":[8],"a":[9,69,82,126,161],"high":[10],"density":[11],"of":[12,33,101,106,129,138,168],"Internet-of-Things":[13],"devices":[14],"(IoTDs)":[15],"enable":[17],"comprehensive":[18,127],"perception":[19],"and":[20,29,42,55,66,92,103,115,141,147,165],"sustainable":[21,54],"data":[22],"transmission,":[23],"which":[24],"poses":[25],"challenges":[26,151],"in":[27,39,152],"powering":[28],"maintaining":[30],"the":[31,47,99,104,136],"batteries":[32],"numerous":[34],"low-power":[35],"IoT":[36],"devices,":[37],"especially":[38],"harsh,":[40],"toxic,":[41],"radioactive":[43],"environments.":[44],"Moreover,":[45],"as":[46,81],"world":[48],"strives":[49],"towards":[50],"carbon":[51],"neutrality,":[52],"realizing":[53],"low-carbon":[56],"6G":[57,121],"networks":[58],"has":[59],"become":[60],"imperative.":[61],"To":[62,108],"satisfy":[63],"these":[64],"important":[65],"stringent":[67],"requirements,":[68],"green":[70,93],"energy":[71,94],"charged":[72],"wireless":[73,88],"powered":[74],"network":[76],"(GreenWPCN)":[77],"paradigm":[78,140],"is":[79],"proposed":[80],"transformative":[83],"solution.":[84],"This":[85],"framework":[86],"integrates":[87],"power":[89],"transfer":[90],"(WPT)":[91],"harvesting":[95],"(GEH),":[96],"successfully":[97],"inheriting":[98],"controllability":[100],"WPT":[102],"sustainability":[105],"GEH.":[107],"empower":[109],"researchers":[110],"systematically":[112],"grasp":[113],"GreenWPCN":[114,155,178],"seamlessly":[116],"incorporate":[117],"it":[118],"into":[119],"networks,":[122],"this":[123,130,139],"article":[124],"provides":[125],"overview":[128],"paradigm.":[131],"Specifically,":[132],"we":[133,159],"first":[134],"introduce":[135],"concept":[137],"present":[142,166],"its":[143],"four":[144],"representative":[145],"models,":[146],"then":[148],"analyze":[149],"key":[150],"optimally":[153],"designing":[154],"systems.":[156],"In":[157],"addition,":[158],"build":[160],"practical":[162],"experimental":[163],"platform":[164],"examples":[167],"design":[169],"optimization.":[170],"Finally,":[171],"several":[172],"promising":[173],"future":[174],"research":[175],"directions":[176],"on":[177],"are":[179],"discussed.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}