{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410583537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3572141","title":"Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks: Architecture, Key Technologies, Measurement, and Open Issues","display_name":"Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks: Architecture, Key Technologies, Measurement, and Open Issues","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410583537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3572141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.2025.3572141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3572141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036007592","display_name":"Jinkai Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-2668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799850029","display_name":"Dongguan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01m8p7q42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinkai Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China","School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-2668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040978564","display_name":"Tom H. Luan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799850029","display_name":"Dongguan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01m8p7q42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom H. Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101493618","display_name":"Guanjie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1870-8632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanjie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1870-8632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074821038","display_name":"Jinwei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-2567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-2567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040859104","display_name":"Zhisheng Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3136-788X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhisheng Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ISN and the School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3136-788X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and the School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050651525","display_name":"Nan Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7907-2071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ISN and the School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7907-2071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and the School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN and School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043097022","display_name":"Jianping Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4893-6847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7992,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92330927,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":"295","last_page":"303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6459100842475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.64365154504776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6010674834251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-observation","display_name":"Earth observation","score":0.5165778398513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit","display_name":"Low earth orbit","score":0.5119191408157349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-broadcasting","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","score":0.46667468547821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4494214355945587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geocentric-orbit","display_name":"Geocentric orbit","score":0.4386652112007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.43034934997558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.37737104296684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.23611676692962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16877785325050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15840432047843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.13374865055084229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09524181485176086}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6459100842475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.64365154504776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6010674834251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.5165778398513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.5119191408157349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986254709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209588","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","level":3,"score":0.46667468547821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4494214355945587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154978347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1579577","display_name":"Geocentric orbit","level":3,"score":0.4386652112007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.43034934997558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.37737104296684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.23611676692962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16877785325050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15840432047843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13374865055084229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09524181485176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.2025.3572141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2025.3572141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114284823","https://openalex.org/W2805161269","https://openalex.org/W3133401902","https://openalex.org/W4312312028","https://openalex.org/W4324290859","https://openalex.org/W4385894332","https://openalex.org/W4386260517","https://openalex.org/W4388040734","https://openalex.org/W4389109226","https://openalex.org/W4390692374","https://openalex.org/W4390887455","https://openalex.org/W4394966982","https://openalex.org/W4408325180"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3199988476","https://openalex.org/W3003494777","https://openalex.org/W4409513659","https://openalex.org/W4410236489","https://openalex.org/W1971229948","https://openalex.org/W3096861320","https://openalex.org/W4388826032","https://openalex.org/W4389544386","https://openalex.org/W2138848025","https://openalex.org/W4406858828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"Earth":[1],"Orbit":[2],"(LEO)":[3],"satellite":[4,31,50,72,100,159],"networks":[5,23,73],"are":[6,24,87,94],"transforming":[7],"global":[8],"connectivity":[9],"by":[10,61,103],"enabling":[11],"high-speed,":[12],"low-latency":[13],"Internet":[14],"access.":[15],"Particularly,":[16],"they":[17],"significantly":[18],"facilitate":[19],"areas":[20],"where":[21],"terrestrial":[22],"not":[25],"deployed":[26],"or":[27],"destroyed.":[28],"Meanwhile,":[29],"LEO":[30,49,56,71,99,128],"technology":[32],"is":[33,58,106],"experiencing":[34],"an":[35,62],"unprecedented":[36],"surge":[37],"in":[38,138,158],"development.":[39],"This":[40],"paper":[41],"provides":[42],"a":[43],"comprehensive":[44],"and":[45,67,84,89,114,123,141,156],"up-to-date":[46],"overview":[47],"of":[48,55,64,98],"networks.":[51],"First,":[52],"the":[53,65],"evolution":[54],"satellites":[57],"introduced,":[59],"followed":[60],"exploration":[63],"components":[66],"communication":[68],"architecture":[69,124],"within":[70],"using":[74],"representative":[75],"examples.":[76],"Second,":[77],"key":[78],"technologies,":[79],"including":[80],"routing,":[81],"handover":[82],"management,":[83,139],"digital":[85],"twins,":[86],"summarized,":[88],"some":[90,146],"practical":[91,133],"application":[92],"scenarios":[93],"discussed.":[95],"The":[96],"performance":[97],"networks,":[101],"illustrated":[102],"SpaceX\u2019s":[104],"Starlink,":[105],"then":[107],"evaluated":[108],"to":[109,131,150],"understand":[110],"its":[111],"scheduling":[112],"algorithm":[113],"network":[115],"characteristics,":[116],"which":[117],"can":[118],"inform":[119],"future":[120],"satellite-related":[121],"algorithms":[122],"design.":[125],"Finally,":[126],"as":[127],"constellations":[129],"continue":[130],"expand,":[132],"operations":[134],"face":[135],"significant":[136],"challenges":[137],"technology,":[140],"security.":[142],"Consequently,":[143],"we":[144],"highlight":[145],"open":[147],"research":[148],"issues":[149],"provide":[151],"potential":[152],"inspiration":[153],"for":[154],"academia":[155],"industry":[157],"networking.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}