{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393285721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2024.3382969","title":"Optical Air-Gap Attacks: Analysis and IoT Threat Implications","display_name":"Optical Air-Gap Attacks: Analysis and IoT Threat Implications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393285721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2024.3382969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.2024.3382969","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2024.3382969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/91116816/Yoo2024AAM.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351769","display_name":"Jieun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-1767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","Sejong University, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-1767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101381937","display_name":"Jaehoon Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JaeHoon Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","Sejong University, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100744050","display_name":"Jiho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8027-835X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","Sejong University, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100912220","display_name":"Yura Choi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yura Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","Sejong University, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041690431","display_name":"Seong Ki Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-5090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","display_name":"Coventry University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgmhj36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong Ki Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry, U.K","Coventry University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-5090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coventry University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073827174","display_name":"JaeSeung Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2157-9651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","display_name":"Coventry University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgmhj36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"]}],"countries":["GB","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JaeSeung Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry, U.K","Sejong University, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2157-9651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sejong University, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5866,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88466548,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"6","first_page":"342","last_page":"352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6260522603988647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6028009653091431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4675300121307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4032996892929077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6260522603988647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6028009653091431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4675300121307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4032996892929077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.2024.3382969","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2024.3382969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/7d19a17e-2ce5-4892-a322-9ef3a71bafdf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/7d19a17e-2ce5-4892-a322-9ef3a71bafdf","pdf_url":"https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/91116816/Yoo2024AAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402411","display_name":"Pure (Coventry University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","host_organization_name":"Coventry University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Lee, J, Yoo, J, Lee, J, Choi, Y, Yoo, S & Song, J S 2024, 'Optical Air-Gap Attacks : Analysis and IoT Threat Implications', IEEE Network, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2024.3382969","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/7d19a17e-2ce5-4892-a322-9ef3a71bafdf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/7d19a17e-2ce5-4892-a322-9ef3a71bafdf","pdf_url":"https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/91116816/Yoo2024AAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402411","display_name":"Pure (Coventry University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","host_organization_name":"Coventry University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Lee, J, Yoo, J, Lee, J, Choi, Y, Yoo, S & Song, J S 2024, 'Optical Air-Gap Attacks : Analysis and IoT Threat Implications', IEEE Network, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2024.3382969","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6330704568","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00165231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323103","display_name":"Agency for Defense Development","ror":"https://ror.org/05fhe0r85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334874","display_name":"Defense Acquisition Program Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04bjg9m96"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393285721.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1811605617","https://openalex.org/W2593459094","https://openalex.org/W2609035835","https://openalex.org/W2744703251","https://openalex.org/W2899205272","https://openalex.org/W2962796909","https://openalex.org/W2962909198","https://openalex.org/W2963563709","https://openalex.org/W2999774832","https://openalex.org/W3001006544","https://openalex.org/W3154639389","https://openalex.org/W4205906612","https://openalex.org/W4327739747","https://openalex.org/W4386261842","https://openalex.org/W6627969867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"2008,":[1],"the":[2,24,39,51,61,72,101,114,119,163,170,189],"Korean":[3],"government":[4],"has":[5],"instituted":[6],"network":[7,78],"separation":[8,79],"technology,":[9],"which":[10,99],"physically":[11],"isolates":[12],"external":[13,107,129],"internet":[14],"networks":[15,108,126],"from":[16,124],"internal":[17],"networks,":[18,185],"aiming":[19],"to":[20,50,109,127,134,180],"thwart":[21],"cyber-attacks.":[22],"Consequently,":[23],"domestic":[25],"financial":[26],"sector":[27],"was":[28],"largely":[29],"unaffected":[30],"during":[31],"global":[32],"crises":[33],"(2017":[34],"WannaCry":[35],"ransomware":[36],"outbreak":[37],"and":[38,60,65,106,113],"2021":[40],"Log4j":[41],"vulnerability":[42],"incident).":[43],"However,":[44],"there":[45],"exist":[46],"certain":[47],"vulnerabilities":[48],"owing":[49],"presumption":[52],"of":[53,63,67,85,96,162,173,191],"their":[54,128],"relative":[55],"safety":[56],"against":[57],"cyber":[58,87],"intrusions":[59],"integration":[62,172],"cloud":[64],"Internet":[66],"Things":[68],"(IoT)":[69],"technologies":[70],"in":[71],"current":[73],"smart":[74,178],"revolution.":[75],"The":[76,94],"existing":[77,115],"measures":[80],"only":[81],"mitigate":[82],"one":[83],"facet":[84],"potential":[86,120],"threats,":[88],"rendering":[89],"a":[90,141],"comprehensive":[91],"defense":[92],"elusive.":[93],"rise":[95],"\u201cair-gap\u201d":[97],"attacks,":[98],"exploit":[100],"isolated":[102],"space":[103],"between":[104],"closed":[105,125,153,184],"illicitly":[110],"transfer":[111],"data":[112,122],"research":[116],"primarily":[117],"substantiating":[118],"for":[121],"breaches":[123],"counterparts":[130],"are":[131],"problems":[132],"yet":[133],"be":[135],"addressed.":[136],"Thus,":[137],"our":[138],"study":[139,187],"proposed":[140],"tangible":[142],"optical":[143,150,192],"air-gap":[144,193],"attack":[145],"methodology,":[146],"harnessing":[147],"readily":[148],"available":[149],"mediums":[151],"within":[152,183],"networks.":[154],"Intricate":[155],"measurement":[156],"metrics":[157],"that":[158],"consider":[159],"vital":[160],"factors":[161],"transmission":[164],"environment":[165],"were":[166],"proposed.":[167],"Moreover,":[168],"acknowledging":[169],"proliferating":[171],"IoT":[174],"devices,":[175],"such":[176],"as":[177],"bulbs,":[179],"facilitate":[181],"automation":[182],"this":[186],"demonstrated":[188],"viability":[190],"attacks":[194],"using":[195],"these":[196],"devices.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
