{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312972593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.129.2200389","title":"Simultaneous Transmitting and Reflecting-Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface in 6G: Design Guidelines and Future Perspectives","display_name":"Simultaneous Transmitting and Reflecting-Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface in 6G: Design Guidelines and Future Perspectives","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312972593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.129.2200389"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.129.2200389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.129.2200389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040810553","display_name":"Waqas Khalid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-7219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89004649","display_name":"Korea Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfph657","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Waqas Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-7219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89004649","https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005385487","display_name":"Zeeshan Kaleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-0443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Kaleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-0443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042655040","display_name":"Rehmat Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6475-2434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8408910","display_name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bqvf857","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rehmat Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6475-2434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8408910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018288108","display_name":"Trinh Van Chien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-8414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trinh Van Chien","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communications Technology (SoICT), Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-8414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communications Technology (SoICT), Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069641777","display_name":"Song Noh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0106-7106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Noh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0106-7106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102781968","display_name":"Heejung Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8046-2376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heejung Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8046-2376","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040810553"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611","https://openalex.org/I89004649"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6007,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93695647,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"5","first_page":"173","last_page":"181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7461755275726318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.7184321880340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.5727493762969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5085119009017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5041147470474243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.47610199451446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4711954593658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4709399938583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-space-exploration","display_name":"Design space exploration","score":0.4462597370147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4322283864021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4318998157978058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.39275801181793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3271414041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27837997674942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2709215581417084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.19492033123970032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14874911308288574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7461755275726318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7184321880340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.5727493762969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5085119009017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5041147470474243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.47610199451446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4711954593658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4709399938583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.4462597370147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4322283864021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4318998157978058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.39275801181793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3271414041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27837997674942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2709215581417084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.19492033123970032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14874911308288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.129.2200389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.129.2200389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3127940641","https://openalex.org/W3134746776","https://openalex.org/W3165173280","https://openalex.org/W3181191721","https://openalex.org/W3205217150","https://openalex.org/W3215641234","https://openalex.org/W3216751135","https://openalex.org/W3217804057","https://openalex.org/W4214587758","https://openalex.org/W4225856116","https://openalex.org/W4226227715","https://openalex.org/W4280644846","https://openalex.org/W4281933078","https://openalex.org/W4285281465","https://openalex.org/W4312653776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111062328","https://openalex.org/W2048887547","https://openalex.org/W2108386578","https://openalex.org/W2075808029","https://openalex.org/W2125836519","https://openalex.org/W1572417577","https://openalex.org/W2142450926","https://openalex.org/W4244878519","https://openalex.org/W2118185763","https://openalex.org/W2000001288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"intelligent":[1],"surfaces":[2],"(RISs)":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"considered":[6],"as":[7],"a":[8,23,77,98],"promising":[9],"technology":[10],"for":[11,68,106],"the":[12,29,45,53,55,82,102,116,125,137],"sixth-generation":[13],"(6G)":[14],"wireless":[15,20],"networks":[16],"that":[17],"can":[18,37],"control":[19,66],"channels":[21],"in":[22,88],"desirable":[24],"way":[25],"and":[26,34,49,57,71,84,91,110,119,132,145,147],"significantly":[27],"enhance":[28],"network":[30,92],"performance.":[31],"Simultaneous":[32],"transmitting":[33],"reflecting-RISs":[35],"(STAR-RISs)":[36],"overcome":[38],"limitation":[39],"of":[40,59,64,86],"reflecting-only":[41],"RISs":[42],"by":[43],"leveraging":[44],"higher":[46],"design":[47,83,126],"flexibility":[48],"full-space":[50],"coverage.":[51],"Despite":[52],"benefits,":[54],"modeling":[56,144],"analysis":[58],"STAR-RISs":[60,87],"are":[61],"complicated":[62],"because":[63],"various":[65],"parameters":[67],"both":[69],"transmission":[70],"reflection":[72],"links.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"article,":[76],"general":[78],"framework":[79],"to":[80,101,114,136],"facilitate":[81],"implementation":[85],"6G":[89],"scenarios":[90],"topologies":[93],"is":[94],"presented.":[95],"We":[96],"provide":[97,124],"systematic":[99],"introduction":[100],"STAR-RIS":[103],"operating":[104],"protocols":[105],"different":[107],"communication":[108],"modes":[109],"discuss":[111],"recent":[112],"efforts":[113],"identify":[115],"research":[117,128],"progress":[118],"combination":[120],"solutions.":[121],"Finally,":[122],"we":[123],"concepts,":[127],"challenges,":[129],"potential":[130],"solutions,":[131],"future":[133],"directions":[134],"related":[135],"channel":[138,140],"modeling,":[139],"estimation,":[141],"hardware":[142],"implementations,":[143],"limitations,":[146],"optimization.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}