{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037170119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.2000493","title":"Non-Terrestrial Networks in the 6G Era: Challenges and Opportunities","display_name":"Non-Terrestrial Networks in the 6G Era: Challenges and Opportunities","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037170119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.2000493","mag":"3037170119"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.011.2000493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.2000493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.10226","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077464187","display_name":"Marco Giordani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0575-1781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Giordani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Padova"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Padova","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005894115","display_name":"Michele Zorzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2870-4678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Zorzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Padova"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Padova","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":488.1109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":639,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99998073,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"2","first_page":"244","last_page":"251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6702019572257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premise","display_name":"Premise","score":0.6470829248428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5959206819534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.5621694326400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4989798069000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.48605969548225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4835098087787628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4454362392425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.41383105516433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3753812909126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18011733889579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.0930967926979065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6702019572257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.6470829248428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5959206819534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.5621694326400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4989798069000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.48605969548225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4835098087787628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4454362392425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41383105516433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3753812909126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18011733889579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0930967926979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.011.2000493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.2000493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1912.10226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.10226","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.10226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3356485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3356485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196283","display_name":"Research Padua  Archive (University of Padua)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1912.10226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.10226","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.10226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075110216","https://openalex.org/W2094378620","https://openalex.org/W2108779497","https://openalex.org/W2511038469","https://openalex.org/W2767144201","https://openalex.org/W2805161269","https://openalex.org/W2809029678","https://openalex.org/W2911235714","https://openalex.org/W2962684895","https://openalex.org/W2968122497","https://openalex.org/W2998868602","https://openalex.org/W3007193003","https://openalex.org/W3011828357","https://openalex.org/W3011830499","https://openalex.org/W3013523550","https://openalex.org/W3045873410","https://openalex.org/W4237548054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W590788508","https://openalex.org/W4235873430","https://openalex.org/W2611974471","https://openalex.org/W4313233093","https://openalex.org/W2358082531","https://openalex.org/W2589976903","https://openalex.org/W2335596023","https://openalex.org/W2026719400","https://openalex.org/W2374273535","https://openalex.org/W2908230797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"organizations":[1],"recognize":[2],"non-terrestrial":[3],"networks":[4],"(NTNs)":[5],"as":[6,113],"a":[7,85,114],"key":[8],"component":[9],"to":[10,31,41,105,109],"provide":[11,106],"cost-effective":[12],"and":[13,43,59,68],"high-capacity":[14],"connectivity":[15,108],"in":[16,64,74,96],"future":[17,82],"6th":[18],"generation":[19],"(6G)":[20],"wireless":[21],"networks.":[22],"Despite":[23],"this":[24,47],"premise,":[25],"there":[26],"are":[27,78],"still":[28,79],"many":[29],"questions":[30],"be":[32],"answered":[33],"for":[34,81],"proper":[35],"network":[36],"design,":[37],"including":[38],"those":[39],"associated":[40],"latency":[42],"coverage":[44],"constraints.":[45],"In":[46],"article,":[48],"after":[49],"reviewing":[50],"research":[51],"activities":[52],"on":[53,71],"NTNs,":[54],"we":[55,88],"present":[56],"the":[57,65,72,75,90],"characteristics":[58],"enabling":[60],"technologies":[61],"of":[62,92,116],"NTNs":[63],"6G":[66],"landscape":[67],"shed":[69],"light":[70],"challenges":[73],"field":[76],"that":[77],"open":[80],"research.":[83],"As":[84],"case":[86],"study,":[87],"evaluate":[89],"performance":[91],"an":[93],"NTN":[94],"scenario":[95],"which":[97],"aerial/space":[98],"vehicles":[99],"use":[100],"millimeter":[101],"wave":[102],"(mmWave)":[103],"frequencies":[104],"access":[107],"on-the-ground":[110],"mobile":[111],"terminals":[112],"function":[115],"different":[117],"networking":[118],"configurations.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":150},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":153},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":131},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":102},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}