{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3081904643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.2000085","title":"Decentralized Public Key Infrastructures atop Blockchain","display_name":"Decentralized Public Key Infrastructures atop Blockchain","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3081904643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.2000085","mag":"3081904643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.011.2000085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.2000085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038699052","display_name":"Yannan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4407-9027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yannan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wollongong, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wollongong, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419998","display_name":"Yong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0187-2439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88830068","display_name":"Shaanxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0170z8493","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88830068"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Normal University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88830068"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109297460","display_name":"Chunwei Lou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204831749","display_name":"Southwestern University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ewct822","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunwei Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029714594","display_name":"Nadra Guizani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-2685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadra Guizani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005738289","display_name":"Lianhai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-3465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158984","display_name":"National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypjrs34","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158984"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianhai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), China","Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038699052"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91258189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"6","first_page":"133","last_page":"139"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-infrastructure","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","score":0.9540525674819946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.762717604637146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.7139698266983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6593374609947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-certificate","display_name":"Public key certificate","score":0.6417578458786011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certificate-authority","display_name":"Certificate authority","score":0.6204042434692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5658273696899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.5345797538757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.5220703482627869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5126906633377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certificate","display_name":"Certificate","score":0.4721424877643585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revocation-list","display_name":"Revocation list","score":0.45421233773231506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4243253469467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17168036103248596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.9540525674819946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.762717604637146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.7139698266983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6593374609947205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167529545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274758","display_name":"Public key certificate","level":4,"score":0.6417578458786011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93636275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196776","display_name":"Certificate authority","level":4,"score":0.6204042434692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5658273696899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.5345797538757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.5220703482627869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5126906633377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.4721424877643585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147296133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196765","display_name":"Revocation list","level":5,"score":0.45421233773231506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4243253469467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17168036103248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.011.2000085","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.2000085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4076685480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872229,U19B2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1844512392","https://openalex.org/W2013613544","https://openalex.org/W2116876232","https://openalex.org/W2148373594","https://openalex.org/W2274217660","https://openalex.org/W2394766470","https://openalex.org/W2578391880","https://openalex.org/W2585855180","https://openalex.org/W2601330228","https://openalex.org/W2741706115","https://openalex.org/W2772453898","https://openalex.org/W2793701237","https://openalex.org/W2796928104","https://openalex.org/W2907164519","https://openalex.org/W2977247807","https://openalex.org/W3015706729","https://openalex.org/W4233819588","https://openalex.org/W4248175462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2277273755","https://openalex.org/W1709311896","https://openalex.org/W4244357787","https://openalex.org/W1532067216","https://openalex.org/W1494030766","https://openalex.org/W1612032142","https://openalex.org/W2910761843","https://openalex.org/W2506604349","https://openalex.org/W1490824585","https://openalex.org/W18157873"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"public":[1,35,117],"key":[2],"infrastructure":[3],"(PKi)":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"widely":[7],"adopted":[8],"to":[9,67,98,127],"create,":[10],"manage,":[11],"distribute,":[12],"store":[13],"and":[14,37,49,63,92,133,144],"revoke":[15],"digital":[16,50],"certificates,":[17],"which":[18,140],"plays":[19],"an":[20],"important":[21],"role":[22],"in":[23,46,75],"bootstrapping":[24],"secure":[25],"communications.":[26],"A":[27],"PKi":[28,54,83],"system":[29,84],"authenticates":[30],"entities":[31],"with":[32,102],"the":[33,40,68,80,88,103,125,129,138,142,147],"corresponding":[34],"keys":[36],"it":[38],"lays":[39],"security":[41,58,90],"foundation":[42],"for":[43],"public-key":[44,47],"cryptosystems":[45],"encryption":[48],"signatures.":[51],"However,":[52],"traditional":[53,81],"systems":[55],"suffer":[56],"from":[57],"breaches,":[59],"such":[60],"as":[61,85,87,115],"single-point-of-failure":[62],"man-in-the-middle":[64],"attacks":[65],"due":[66],"existence":[69],"of":[70,137,146],"a":[71,116],"centralized":[72,82],"certificate":[73],"authority.":[74],"this":[76],"article,":[77],"we":[78,94],"review":[79],"well":[86],"subjected":[89],"concerns,":[91],"then":[93],"propose":[95],"possible":[96],"solutions":[97],"address":[99],"these":[100],"issues":[101],"emerging":[104],"blockchain":[105,112],"technology.":[106],"Two":[107],"frameworks":[108],"are":[109],"presented":[110],"where":[111],"is":[113],"utilized":[114],"bulletin":[118],"board":[119],"or":[120],"trusted":[121],"majority.":[122],"We":[123],"implement":[124],"functions":[126],"evaluate":[128],"off-chain":[130],"time":[131],"costs":[132,136],"on-chain":[134],"gas":[135],"proposal,":[139],"demonstrate":[141],"feasibility":[143],"practicality":[145],"proposal.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
