{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3114350383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.1900598","title":"Blockchain and Federated Learning for 5G Beyond","display_name":"Blockchain and Federated Learning for 5G Beyond","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3114350383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.1900598","mag":"3114350383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.011.1900598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.1900598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036352356","display_name":"Yunlong Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-5130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunlong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078113299","display_name":"Xiaohong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-2274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365764","display_name":"Ke Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-7751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056311070","display_name":"Sabita Maharjan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-8488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153474","display_name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtarr15","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184531372","https://openalex.org/I2799829267","https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabita Maharjan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oslo, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering,Norway","University of Oslo, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering,Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153474","https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456327","display_name":"Yan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-5092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153474","display_name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtarr15","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184531372","https://openalex.org/I2799829267","https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oslo, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering,Norway","University of Oslo, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering,Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153474"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo, Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153474","https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036352356"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.7964,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98697422,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"1","first_page":"219","last_page":"225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8750627040863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6246330142021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5282508730888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.47958651185035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4670521020889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.457946240901947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.455474853515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4208996593952179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4066168963909149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3134516179561615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8750627040863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6246330142021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5282508730888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.47958651185035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4670521020889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.457946240901947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.455474853515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4208996593952179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4066168963909149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3134516179561615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.011.1900598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.1900598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5831615196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61941102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559136758","https://openalex.org/W2535838896","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2869903415","https://openalex.org/W2898652425","https://openalex.org/W2900120080","https://openalex.org/W2920095265","https://openalex.org/W2947400732","https://openalex.org/W2955535572","https://openalex.org/W2963333146","https://openalex.org/W2963334314","https://openalex.org/W2974175488","https://openalex.org/W2974429275","https://openalex.org/W2979680647","https://openalex.org/W3033988836","https://openalex.org/W4297687186","https://openalex.org/W6755988804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3021755553"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,36,101,140],"5G":[1],"and":[2,12,16,28,53,84,88,112,125,157,188],"beyond":[3,73,119],"networks,":[4],"the":[5,13,48,55,76,81,85,123,137,144,176,182],"increasing":[6],"inclusion":[7],"of":[8,25,50,57,62,78],"heterogeneous":[9],"smart":[10],"devices":[11],"rising":[14],"privacy":[15,29,56,126],"security":[17,77,124],"concerns,":[18],"are":[19,91],"two":[20],"crucial":[21,92],"challenges":[22],"in":[23,97,118],"terms":[24],"computation":[26],"complexity":[27],"preservation":[30],"for":[31,135],"Artificial":[32],"Intelligence":[33],"(AI)-based":[34],"solutions.":[35],"this":[37,102],"regard,":[38],"federated":[39,70,98,109,132],"learning":[40,71,82,99,110,133,158,167],"emerges":[41],"as":[42,148],"a":[43,106,131,149,164],"new":[44],"technique,":[45],"which":[46],"enlarges":[47],"scale":[49],"training":[51],"data,":[52],"protects":[54],"user":[58],"data.":[59],"The":[60],"development":[61],"edge":[63],"computing":[64,87],"makes":[65],"it":[66],"possible":[67],"to":[68,72,170,175],"apply":[69],"5G.":[74,120],"However,":[75],"local":[79],"parameters,":[80],"quality,":[83],"varying":[86],"communication":[89],"resources,":[90],"issues":[93],"that":[94,181],"remain":[95],"unexplored":[96],"schemes.":[100],"article,":[103],"we":[104,142],"propose":[105],"block-chain":[107],"empowered":[108],"framework,":[111],"present":[113],"its":[114],"potential":[115],"application":[116],"scenarios":[117],"We":[121,162],"enhance":[122],"by":[127],"integrating":[128],"blockchain":[129],"into":[130,160],"scheme":[134,184],"maintaining":[136],"trained":[138],"parameters.":[139],"particular,":[141],"formulate":[143],"resource":[145,155],"sharing":[146],"task":[147],"combinational":[150],"optimization":[151],"problem":[152],"while":[153],"taking":[154],"consumption":[156],"quality":[159],"account.":[161],"design":[163],"deep":[165],"reinforcement":[166],"based":[168],"algorithm":[169],"find":[171],"an":[172],"optimal":[173],"solution":[174],"problem.":[177],"Numerical":[178],"results":[179],"show":[180],"proposed":[183],"achieves":[185],"high":[186],"accuracy":[187],"good":[189],"convergence.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}