{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386446961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.006.2200437","title":"Optimization Design for Federated Learning in Heterogeneous 6G Networks","display_name":"Optimization Design for Federated Learning in Heterogeneous 6G Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386446961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.006.2200437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.006.2200437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.006.2200437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063517725","display_name":"Bing Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5686-4946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159968","display_name":"Duke Kunshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04sr5ys16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210159968"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Kunshan University,China","Duke Kunshan University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Kunshan University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159968"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Kunshan University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066133603","display_name":"Pengchao Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2246-7640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104064","display_name":"Shenzhen Academy of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/01h027j09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104064"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengchao Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong,China","Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, China","The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104064"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100614087","display_name":"Peng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8456-0491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University,China","Hunan University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087839973","display_name":"Xiaomin Ouyang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0710-0963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomin Ouyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong,China","The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062346297","display_name":"Jianwei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6631-1096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104064","display_name":"Shenzhen Academy of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/01h027j09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104064"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong,China","Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, China","The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104064"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003990860","display_name":"Ningning Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3937-7302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningning Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University,USA","Northwestern University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3241,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95508676,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"2","first_page":"38","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8535711765289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5672388672828674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enabling","display_name":"Enabling","score":0.4889940023422241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-center","display_name":"Data center","score":0.48475882411003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.47147348523139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.43403512239456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.42573416233062744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.41934117674827576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.406902939081192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.3729567229747772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36549603939056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3271905183792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2753690779209137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.19225603342056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.15849411487579346}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8535711765289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5672388672828674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.4889940023422241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.48475882411003113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.47147348523139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.43403512239456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.42573416233062744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.41934117674827576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.406902939081192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3729567229747772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36549603939056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3271905183792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2753690779209137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.19225603342056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.15849411487579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.006.2200437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.006.2200437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-141693","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-141693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4111449761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271434,62102337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3044837284","https://openalex.org/W3094019951","https://openalex.org/W3112877893","https://openalex.org/W3129329365","https://openalex.org/W3174401204","https://openalex.org/W3201030831","https://openalex.org/W3206985409","https://openalex.org/W3207233526","https://openalex.org/W4226183928","https://openalex.org/W4283220764","https://openalex.org/W4285762978","https://openalex.org/W4287868747","https://openalex.org/W4287890958","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6773552689","https://openalex.org/W6779174293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W4313463218","https://openalex.org/W3106131444","https://openalex.org/W3216099748","https://openalex.org/W4205963435","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3214037210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,25,38,71,75,132,139],"rapid":[2],"advancement":[3],"of":[4,8,11,20],"5G":[5],"networks,":[6],"billions":[7],"smart":[9],"Internet":[10],"Things":[12],"(IoT)":[13],"devices":[14],"along":[15],"with":[16,92],"an":[17,31,87],"enormous":[18],"amount":[19],"data":[21,56,73,76],"are":[22,111],"generated":[23],"at":[24,30],"network":[26,41,149],"edge.":[27],"While":[28],"still":[29],"early":[32],"age,":[33],"it":[34],"is":[35,95],"expected":[36],"that":[37,135],"evolving":[39],"6G":[40,107,125],"will":[42],"adopt":[43],"advanced":[44],"artificial":[45],"intelligence":[46],"(AI)":[47],"technologies":[48],"to":[49,97],"collect,":[50],"transmit,":[51],"and":[52,60,114,120,152,162],"learn":[53],"this":[54,128],"valuable":[55],"for":[57,102,118,165],"innovative":[58],"applications":[59],"intelligent":[61],"services.":[62],"However,":[63,109],"traditional":[64],"machine":[65],"learning":[66],"(ML)":[67],"approaches":[68,134],"require":[69],"centralizing":[70],"training":[72],"in":[74,106,124],"center":[77],"or":[78],"cloud,":[79],"raising":[80],"serious":[81],"user-privacy":[82],"concerns.":[83],"Federated":[84],"learning,":[85],"as":[86],"emerging":[88],"distributed":[89],"AI":[90,105],"paradigm":[91],"privacy-preserving":[93],"nature,":[94],"anticipated":[96],"be":[98],"a":[99],"key":[100],"enabler":[101],"achieving":[103],"ubiquitous":[104],"networks.":[108,126],"there":[110],"several":[112],"system":[113],"statistical":[115],"heterogeneity":[116,141],"challenges":[117],"effective":[119],"efficient":[121],"FL":[122],"implementation":[123],"In":[127],"article,":[129],"we":[130],"investigate":[131],"optimization":[133],"can":[136],"effectively":[137],"address":[138],"challenging":[140],"issues":[142],"from":[143],"three":[144],"aspects:":[145],"incentive":[146],"mechanism":[147],"design,":[148],"resource":[150],"management,":[151],"personalized":[153],"model":[154],"optimization.":[155],"We":[156],"also":[157],"present":[158],"some":[159],"open":[160],"problems":[161],"promising":[163],"directions":[164],"future":[166],"research.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}