{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3003663149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.001.1900188","title":"Blockchain-Empowered Secure Spectrum Sharing for 5G Heterogeneous Networks","display_name":"Blockchain-Empowered Secure Spectrum Sharing for 5G Heterogeneous Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3003663149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.001.1900188","mag":"3003663149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.001.1900188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.001.1900188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039042766","display_name":"Zhenyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3344-4463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457110","display_name":"Xinyi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4108-826X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456327","display_name":"Yan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-5092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056209905","display_name":"Shahid Mumtaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6364-6149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Mumtaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunicacoes"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunicacoes","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.0213,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":137,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99220508,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"24","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8418412208557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.6428398489952087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6333041787147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5796406865119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5405210256576538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.45419010519981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3412490785121918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09623122215270996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8418412208557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6428398489952087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6333041787147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5796406865119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5405210256576538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.45419010519981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3412490785121918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09623122215270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.001.1900188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.001.1900188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590174667","https://openalex.org/W2020290297","https://openalex.org/W2113746883","https://openalex.org/W2221524898","https://openalex.org/W2288456209","https://openalex.org/W2402149712","https://openalex.org/W2511395838","https://openalex.org/W2605157201","https://openalex.org/W2619984247","https://openalex.org/W2748748242","https://openalex.org/W2760972063","https://openalex.org/W2792035477","https://openalex.org/W2805690413","https://openalex.org/W2883880986","https://openalex.org/W2955500388","https://openalex.org/W6753346739"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589252962","https://openalex.org/W2367468089","https://openalex.org/W2098133976","https://openalex.org/W2358591856","https://openalex.org/W2347416728","https://openalex.org/W2215702767","https://openalex.org/W4317371977","https://openalex.org/W2567150521","https://openalex.org/W4317927411","https://openalex.org/W2108936692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,23,31,41,57,109,124,134,139,160,165],"future":[2],"5G":[3,64],"paradigm,":[4],"billions":[5],"of":[6,26,59,72,142,164],"machinetype":[7],"devices":[8,51,131],"will":[9],"be":[10],"deployed":[11],"to":[12,39,45,85,129,132,158],"enable":[13],"wide-area":[14],"and":[15,20,30,79,90,115,149,162,174],"ubiquitous":[16],"data":[17],"sensing,":[18],"collection,":[19],"transmission.":[21],"Considering":[22],"traffic":[24],"characteristics":[25],"machine-to-machine":[27],"(M2M)":[28],"communications":[29],"spectrum":[32,43,61,113,126,144,151],"shortage":[33],"dilemma,":[34],"a":[35,87,106],"cost-efficient":[36],"solution":[37],"is":[38,97,127,156],"share":[40],"underutilized":[42],"allocated":[44,128],"human-to-human":[46],"(H2H)":[47],"users":[48,104],"with":[49,108],"M2M":[50,130],"in":[52,63,99],"an":[53],"opportunistic":[54],"manner.":[55],"However,":[56],"implementation":[58],"large-scale":[60],"sharing":[62],"heterogeneous":[65],"networks":[66],"confronts":[67],"many":[68],"challenges,":[69],"including":[70],"lack":[71],"incentive":[73,146],"mechanism,":[74],"privacy":[75],"leakage,":[76],"security":[77,161],"threats,":[78],"so":[80],"on.":[81],"This":[82],"motivates":[83],"us":[84],"develop":[86],"privacy-preserved,":[88],"incentive-compatible,":[89],"spectrum-efficient":[91],"framework":[92],"based":[93,119],"on":[94,120],"blockchain,":[95],"which":[96],"implemented":[98],"two":[100],"stages.":[101],"First,":[102],"H2H":[103],"sign":[105],"contract":[107],"base":[110],"station":[111],"for":[112],"sharing,":[114,145],"receive":[116],"dedicated":[117],"payments":[118],"their":[121],"contributions.":[122],"Next,":[123],"shared":[125],"maximize":[133],"total":[135],"throughput.":[136],"We":[137],"elaborate":[138],"operation":[140],"details":[141],"secure":[143],"mechanism":[147],"design,":[148],"efficient":[150],"allocation.":[152],"A":[153],"case":[154],"study":[155],"presented":[157],"demonstrate":[159],"efficiency":[163],"proposed":[166],"framework.":[167],"Finally,":[168],"we":[169],"outline":[170],"several":[171],"open":[172],"issues":[173],"conclude":[175],"this":[176],"article.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}