{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946113865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mmul.2019.2915078","title":"Modification of Gradient Vector Flow Using Directional Contrast for Salient Object Detection","display_name":"Modification of Gradient Vector Flow Using Directional Contrast for Salient Object Detection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946113865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mmul.2019.2915078","mag":"2946113865"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mmul.2019.2915078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mmul.2019.2915078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72873717","display_name":"IEEE Multimedia","issn_l":"1070-986X","issn":["1070-986X","1941-0166"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE MultiMedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080152492","display_name":"Gargi Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6770-561X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134084","display_name":"Institute of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/03zeyg902","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210134084","https://openalex.org/I4210164537"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56404289","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology BHU","ror":"https://ror.org/01kh5gc44","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN","RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gargi Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (B.H.U)","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (B.H.U)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750","https://openalex.org/I56404289"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033457874","display_name":"Rajeev Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-1556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56404289","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology BHU","ror":"https://ror.org/01kh5gc44","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajeev Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750","https://openalex.org/I56404289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4068,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64588156,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"4","first_page":"7","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7479566335678101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.6557729244232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-flow","display_name":"Vector flow","score":0.6051821708679199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5997509360313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5927292108535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5707911849021912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.5008530616760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4341510832309723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4139830470085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.365811288356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.20748966932296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.15244582295417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09929528832435608}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7479566335678101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6557729244232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20749125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7917826","display_name":"Vector flow","level":4,"score":0.6051821708679199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5997509360313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5927292108535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5707911849021912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.5008530616760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4341510832309723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4139830470085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.365811288356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.20748966932296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.15244582295417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09929528832435608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mmul.2019.2915078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mmul.2019.2915078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72873717","display_name":"IEEE Multimedia","issn_l":"1070-986X","issn":["1070-986X","1941-0166"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE MultiMedia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2037954058","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2104479126","https://openalex.org/W2106160885","https://openalex.org/W2122076510","https://openalex.org/W2138046011","https://openalex.org/W2156777442","https://openalex.org/W2161185676","https://openalex.org/W2282640221","https://openalex.org/W2346506533","https://openalex.org/W2528092473","https://openalex.org/W2557536990","https://openalex.org/W2569272946","https://openalex.org/W2612135493","https://openalex.org/W2620968817","https://openalex.org/W2794316481","https://openalex.org/W2797871332","https://openalex.org/W3122238731","https://openalex.org/W4239147634","https://openalex.org/W6675878783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348451999","https://openalex.org/W2538095019","https://openalex.org/W2329500892","https://openalex.org/W2364625771","https://openalex.org/W28991112","https://openalex.org/W2370726991","https://openalex.org/W2203114750","https://openalex.org/W2390785878","https://openalex.org/W121367865","https://openalex.org/W4292830139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scene":[0],"analysis":[1],"is":[2,39,62,101,174],"a":[3,43,79],"relevant":[4],"research":[5],"field":[6],"for":[7,58,162],"its":[8],"several":[9],"applications":[10],"in":[11,25,171,176],"the":[12,26,93,106,110,117,136,152,159,172],"area":[13],"of":[14,89,99,109,113,158,178],"computer":[15],"vision.":[16],"This":[17],"paper":[18],"attempts":[19],"to":[20,105,150],"analyze":[21],"scene":[22],"information":[23,32],"present":[24],"image":[27,90],"by":[28],"augmenting":[29],"salient":[30,37,60,64,81,137,163],"object":[31,38,138,164],"with":[33,78,166],"background":[34,142],"information.":[35,96,128,143],"The":[36,51,83,97,129,155],"initially":[40],"identified":[41],"using":[42,55],"method":[44,57,161],"called":[45],"as":[46],"Minimum":[47],"Directional":[48],"Contrast":[49],"(MDC).":[50],"underlying":[52],"assumption":[53],"behind":[54],"this":[56],"defining":[59],"objects":[61],"that":[63,116],"pixels":[65],"have":[66,147],"higher":[67],"minimum":[68],"directional":[69],"contrast":[70],"than":[71],"nonsalient":[72],"pixels.":[73],"Finding":[74],"MDC":[75,100],"provides":[76],"us":[77,133],"raw":[80,94],"metric.":[82],"gradient":[84,98],"vector":[85],"flow":[86],"(GVF)":[87],"model":[88],"segmentation":[91],"inculcates":[92],"saliency":[95,127],"calculated":[102],"and":[103,181],"added":[104,141],"data":[107],"term":[108],"energy":[111],"functional":[112],"GVF":[114],"so":[115],"contour":[118],"formation":[119,124],"utilizes":[120],"not":[121,134],"only":[122,135],"edge":[123],"but":[125,139],"also":[126,140],"result":[130],"obtained":[131],"gives":[132],"Three":[144],"public":[145],"datasets":[146],"been":[148],"used":[149],"evaluate":[151],"results":[153],"obtained.":[154],"comparative":[156],"study":[157],"proposed":[160],"detection":[165],"other":[167],"state-of-the-art":[168],"methods":[169],"available":[170],"literature":[173],"presented":[175],"terms":[177],"precision,":[179],"recall,":[180],"F1-Score.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
