{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117884304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mmsp.2002.1203319","title":"Detection of block DCT-based steganography in gray-scale images","display_name":"Detection of block DCT-based steganography in gray-scale images","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117884304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mmsp.2002.1203319","mag":"2117884304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mmsp.2002.1203319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mmsp.2002.1203319","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2002 IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087932443","display_name":"C.N. Manikopoulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Manikopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113476280","display_name":"Yun-Qing Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun-Qing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000058061","display_name":"Sui Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sui Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459168","display_name":"Zheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1470-6998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111499006","display_name":"Zhicheng Ni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhicheng Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110235608","display_name":"Dekun Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dekun Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Jersey Center for Wireless Networking and Internet Security, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., New Jersey Inst. of Tech., Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087932443"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5466,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70086835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"355","last_page":"358"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.8234497308731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7469555139541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.7246518731117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.7057784795761108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6659543514251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.641787052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.580880343914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.5403146743774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5236884355545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5062407851219177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.31075769662857056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.300792932510376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.8234497308731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7469555139541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7246518731117249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.7057784795761108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6659543514251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.641787052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.580880343914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.5403146743774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5236884355545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5062407851219177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31075769662857056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.300792932510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mmsp.2002.1203319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mmsp.2002.1203319","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2002 IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112406436","https://openalex.org/W2154452829","https://openalex.org/W2275675895","https://openalex.org/W6694748896"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148973528","https://openalex.org/W2939392096","https://openalex.org/W4243922849","https://openalex.org/W2106726851","https://openalex.org/W4309385482","https://openalex.org/W2068740952","https://openalex.org/W1583147569","https://openalex.org/W2182496537","https://openalex.org/W2792878404","https://openalex.org/W3154843532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,71],"new":[4],"approach,":[5],"the":[6,16,33,36,41,63,77],"steganography":[7,21],"detection":[8,17,87],"system":[9],"(SDS)":[10],"is":[11],"proposed":[12],"and":[13],"applied":[14],"to":[15],"of":[18,35,40,55],"block":[19,37],"DCT-based":[20],"in":[22,32],"gray-scale":[23],"images,":[24,83],"segmented":[25],"into":[26,70],"8/spl":[27],"times/x8":[28],"blocks.":[29],"The":[30],"differences":[31],"coefficients":[34],"DCT":[38],"transforms":[39],"original":[42],"are":[43,67],"treated":[44],"as":[45],"features.":[46],"SDS":[47,84],"utilizes":[48],"statistical":[49],"preprocessing,":[50],"over":[51,62],"an":[52],"observation":[53],"region":[54],"each":[56],"image,":[57],"that":[58],"generates":[59],"feature":[60],"vectors":[61,66],"regions.":[64],"These":[65],"then":[68],"fed":[69],"simple":[72],"neural":[73],"network":[74],"classifier.":[75],"For":[76],"experiments":[78],"conducted":[79],"here,":[80],"using":[81],"42":[82],"achieves":[85],"perfect":[86],"rate":[88],"with":[89],"no":[90],"misclassifications":[91],"errors.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}