{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413925919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2025.3603837","title":"A Comparative Analysis of Loosely and Tightly Coupled Accelerator Architectures for Machine Learning","display_name":"A Comparative Analysis of Loosely and Tightly Coupled Accelerator Architectures for Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413925919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2025.3603837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2025.3603837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2025.3603837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033963442","display_name":"Amin Firoozshahian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0128-298X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amin Firoozshahian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rain AI, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rain AI, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057119602","display_name":"Joel Coburn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2335-2711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Coburn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119516883","display_name":"Ajit Punj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajit Punj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015460842","display_name":"Aravind Sukumaran-Rajam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4062-0293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aravind Sukumaran Rajam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044378809","display_name":"C. C. Boyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colby Boyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092183296","display_name":"Rakesh Nattoji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3622-423X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakesh Nattoji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119516884","display_name":"Mahima Bathla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahima Bathla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092183285","display_name":"Bob Dreyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5074-3980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113962","display_name":"IR Dynamics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/028ata669","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113962"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bob Dreyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Accel Dynamics, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Accel Dynamics, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113962"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076228464","display_name":"Sujith Srinivasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujith Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119516881","display_name":"Harshitha Pilla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harshitha Pilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071941466","display_name":"Michael Rotzin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Rotzin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119516882","display_name":"Surendra Rajupalem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surendra Rajupalem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003452597","display_name":"K. Rajesh Jagannath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Rajesh Jagannath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092183300","display_name":"Krishna Noru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1256-8179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna Noru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077919724","display_name":"Harikrishna Reddy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5849-5480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harikrishna Reddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103438511","display_name":"Chris Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4246-1361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107330","display_name":"Powertech Technology (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01c7pa495","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107330"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Andes Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan","Andes Technology, Hsinchu City, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andes Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andes Technology, Hsinchu City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107330","https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044685340","display_name":"Charlie Hong-Men Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107330","display_name":"Powertech Technology (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01c7pa495","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107330"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlie Hong-Men Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Andes Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan","Andes Technology, Hsinchu City, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andes Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andes Technology, Hsinchu City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107330","https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112927920","display_name":"Chiyu Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107330","display_name":"Powertech Technology (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01c7pa495","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107330"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148468","display_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05szzwt63","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlie Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Andes Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan","Andes Technology, Hsinchu City, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andes Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andes Technology, Hsinchu City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107330","https://openalex.org/I4210148468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":18,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033963442"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25062604,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"5","first_page":"79","last_page":"93"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.8223999738693237,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.8223999738693237,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8464322090148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4293508529663086}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8464322090148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4293508529663086}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2025.3603837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2025.3603837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W3004531124","https://openalex.org/W3036878841","https://openalex.org/W3127736057","https://openalex.org/W4380874786","https://openalex.org/W4380881154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,14,55,65,72,107,110,114,145],"rapid":[2],"innovation":[3],"of":[4,13,71,78,109,116,147],"AI/ML":[5,79],"workloads,":[6],"accelerators":[7,133],"have":[8],"become":[9],"an":[10,42,82],"important":[11],"part":[12],"computing":[15],"resources":[16,118],"in":[17,63,89,134],"datacenters.":[18],"While":[19],"characteristics":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22],"performance,":[23],"power,":[24],"and":[25,50,68,91,99,119,138],"efficiency":[26],"are":[27,124],"critical,":[28],"developer":[29],"velocity,":[30],"which":[31],"dictates":[32],"how":[33,122],"quickly":[34],"a":[35,60,92,97,135],"new":[36],"workload":[37],"can":[38],"be":[39],"deployed":[40],"on":[41,113,121],"accelerator,":[43],"is":[44,129],"equally":[45],"important.":[46],"The":[47],"accelerator":[48,80,86,95],"architecture":[49],"properties":[51],"it":[52,128],"exposes":[53],"to":[54,131],"higher-level":[56],"programming":[57,66,101],"model":[58,67],"play":[59],"key":[61],"role":[62],"determining":[64],"economic":[69],"viability":[70],"accelerators.":[73],"We":[74],"compare":[75],"two":[76],"classes":[77],"architectures:":[81],"efficient":[83],"loosely":[84],"coupled":[85,94],"already":[87],"implemented":[88],"silicon":[90],"tightly":[93],"with":[96],"traditional":[98],"user-friendly":[100],"model.":[102],"Our":[103],"comparison":[104],"shows":[105],"that":[106,127],"performance":[108],"design":[111],"depends":[112],"amount":[115],"hardware":[117],"not":[120],"they":[123],"integrated,":[125],"concluding":[126],"possible":[130],"architect":[132],"much":[136],"simpler":[137],"more":[139],"compiler-friendly":[140],"manner,":[141],"while":[142],"still":[143],"maintaining":[144],"benefits":[146],"offload":[148],"computing.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}