{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413267772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2025.3592568","title":"An Introduction to Life-Cycle Emissions of Artificial Intelligence Hardware","display_name":"An Introduction to Life-Cycle Emissions of Artificial Intelligence Hardware","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413267772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2025.3592568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2025.3592568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2025.3592568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2025.3592568","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116166795","display_name":"Ian Schneider","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ian Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-8338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2994-4892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2994-4892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056558848","display_name":"Stephan Benecke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Benecke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8299-8395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Patterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0902-7093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Patterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0902-7093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116166797","display_name":"Keguo Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keguo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0517-1701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011491987","display_name":"Parthasarathy Ranganathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9751-5902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parthasarathy Ranganathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9751-5902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116166798","display_name":"Cooper Elsworth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cooper Elsworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-7794","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116166795"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0441,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95566561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"5","first_page":"9","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9553999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9553999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.928600013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.810404360294342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4746554493904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4656693637371063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4193994700908661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.810404360294342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4746554493904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4656693637371063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4193994700908661}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2025.3592568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2025.3592568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2025.3592568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2025.3592568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3157218387","https://openalex.org/W3190062760","https://openalex.org/W4380874786","https://openalex.org/W4390739392","https://openalex.org/W4400282970","https://openalex.org/W4402835827"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Specialized":[0],"hardware":[1,60,104],"accelerators":[2],"aid":[3],"the":[4,21,37,59,80,108],"rapid":[5],"advancement":[6],"of":[7,24,32,40,43,49,58,72,84,111],"artificial":[8],"intelligence":[9],"(AI),":[10],"and":[11,64,70,106,113,139],"their":[12],"efficiency":[13],"impacts":[14],"AI\u2019s":[15],"environmental":[16,87],"sustainability.":[17],"This":[18],"study":[19],"presents":[20],"first":[22,38],"publication":[23,39],"a":[25,91],"comprehensive":[26,82],"AI":[27,45,73,85,103],"accelerator":[28],"life-cycle":[29],"assessment":[30],"(LCA)":[31],"greenhouse":[33],"gas":[34],"emissions,":[35],"including":[36],"manufacturing":[41],"emissions":[42],"an":[44],"accelerator.":[46],"Our":[47],"analysis":[48],"five":[50],"tensor":[51],"processing":[52],"units":[53],"(TPUs)":[54],"encompasses":[55],"all":[56],"stages":[57],"lifespan\u2014from":[61],"material":[62],"extraction":[63],"manufacturing\u2014to":[65],"energy":[66],"consumption":[67],"during":[68],"training":[69,112],"serving":[71],"models.":[74],"Using":[75],"first-party":[76],"data,":[77],"it":[78],"offers":[79],"most":[81],"evaluation":[83],"hardware\u2019s":[86],"impact.":[88],"We":[89,115],"introduce":[90],"new":[92],"metric,":[93],"compute":[94],"carbon":[95,109],"intensity":[96],"(CCI),":[97],"that":[98,117],"will":[99],"help":[100],"to":[101,125],"evaluate":[102],"sustainability":[105],"estimate":[107],"footprint":[110],"inference.":[114],"show":[116],"CCI":[118],"improves":[119],"3":[120],"\u00d7":[121],"from":[122],"TPU":[123,126],"v4i":[124],"v6e.":[127],"Moreover,":[128],"although":[129],"this":[130],"article\u2019s":[131],"focus":[132],"is":[133],"on":[134],"hardware,":[135],"software":[136],"advancements":[137],"leverage":[138],"amplify":[140],"these":[141],"gains.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
