{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4324290550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3253052","title":"Accelerating Finite Field Arithmetic for Homomorphic Encryption on GPUs","display_name":"Accelerating Finite Field Arithmetic for Homomorphic Encryption on GPUs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4324290550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3253052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2023.3253052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3253052","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/40/5210076/10068510.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/40/5210076/10068510.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050617364","display_name":"Neal Livesay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-9850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neal Livesay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087369587","display_name":"Gilbert Jonatan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-6353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gilbert Jonatan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology University, Daejeon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology University, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047875915","display_name":"Evelio Mora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9157-5157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80180929","display_name":"Universidad de Murcia","ror":"https://ror.org/03p3aeb86","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80180929"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evelio Mora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Católica de Murcia, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Católica de Murcia, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80180929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087616265","display_name":"Kaustubh Shivdikar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-7974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaustubh Shivdikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102887756","display_name":"Rashmi Agrawal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9461-0170"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashmi Agrawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089428659","display_name":"Ajay Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3256-9942"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajay Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007832959","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Luis Abell\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3550-720X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80180929","display_name":"Universidad de Murcia","ror":"https://ror.org/03p3aeb86","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80180929"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 L. Abell\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80180929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100698124","display_name":"John Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3958-3891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology University, Daejeon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology University, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061128237","display_name":"David Kaeli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5692-0151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Kaeli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050617364"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.077,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94229687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"5","first_page":"55","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8687362670898438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8485640287399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5653983354568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5528718829154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.5467166304588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.444210410118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.43083545565605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-field","display_name":"Finite field","score":0.41781651973724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.38997548818588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08605244755744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07716208696365356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8687362670898438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8485640287399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5653983354568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5528718829154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.5467166304588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.444210410118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.43083545565605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77926391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603880","display_name":"Finite field","level":2,"score":0.41781651973724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38997548818588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08605244755744934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07716208696365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2023.3253052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3253052","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/40/5210076/10068510.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2023.3253052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2023.3253052","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/40/5210076/10068510.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1320060331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1598597440","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10.13039/5011000110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1643949827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262748287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2295948494","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.13039/501100011033.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2713276326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2969783435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G300979063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3219925899","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3429648993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4126322094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5771269003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-112827GB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G661330594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6685425346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266728691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7488172652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RYC2021-031966-I","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7535663061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8260616629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8638682022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/50110001103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324290550.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324290550.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W1573824426","https://openalex.org/W1669999576","https://openalex.org/W2045836768","https://openalex.org/W2067507719","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2751110934","https://openalex.org/W2890216615","https://openalex.org/W3108669911","https://openalex.org/W3109801878","https://openalex.org/W3182478132","https://openalex.org/W4307823778","https://openalex.org/W4312296236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W2601739120","https://openalex.org/W4256358502","https://openalex.org/W1610354793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,18],"rapidly":[6],"developing":[7],"technology":[8],"that":[9],"enables":[10],"computation":[11],"directly":[12],"on":[13],"encrypted":[14],"data,":[15],"making":[16,104],"it":[17],"compelling":[19,80],"solution":[20],"for":[21,44],"security":[22],"in":[23],"cloud-based":[24],"systems.":[25],"In":[26,88],"addition,":[27],"modern":[28,73],"FHE":[29,40,105],"schemes":[30],"are":[31,63],"believed":[32],"to":[33,36,82,94],"be":[34],"resistant":[35],"quantum":[37],"attacks.":[38],"Although":[39],"offers":[41],"unprecedented":[42],"potential":[43],"security,":[45],"current":[46],"implementations":[47],"suffer":[48],"from":[49],"prohibitively":[50],"high":[51],"latency.":[52],"Finite":[53],"field":[54],"arithmetic":[55],"operations,":[56],"particularly":[57],"the":[58,101],"multiplication":[59,97],"of":[60,103],"high-degree":[61],"polynomials,":[62],"key":[64],"computational":[65],"bottlenecks.":[66],"The":[67],"parallel":[68],"processing":[69],"capabilities":[70],"provided":[71],"by":[72],"Graphical":[74],"Processing":[75],"Units":[76],"(GPUs)":[77],"make":[78],"them":[79],"candidates":[81],"target":[83],"these":[84],"highly":[85],"parallelizable":[86],"workloads.":[87],"this":[89],"article,":[90],"we":[91],"discuss":[92],"methods":[93],"accelerate":[95],"polynomial":[96],"with":[98,100],"GPUs,":[99],"goal":[102],"practical.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}