{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285179703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2022.3179654","title":"Retargetable Optimizing Compilers for Quantum Accelerators via a Multilevel Intermediate Representation","display_name":"Retargetable Optimizing Compilers for Quantum Accelerators via a Multilevel Intermediate Representation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285179703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2022.3179654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2022.3179654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2022.3179654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1883985","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038209803","display_name":"Thien Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5319-1213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thien Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Brilliance, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Brilliance, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110306994","display_name":"Alexander McCaskey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander McCaskey","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038209803"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1105,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81350039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"5","first_page":"17","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.9124929308891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8992137908935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediate-language","display_name":"Intermediate language","score":0.5783925652503967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimizing-compiler","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","score":0.5484238862991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4769793450832367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.46762925386428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler-correctness","display_name":"Compiler correctness","score":0.44248688220977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4129416346549988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.9124929308891296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8992137908935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244916","display_name":"Intermediate language","level":3,"score":0.5783925652503967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.5484238862991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4769793450832367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.46762925386428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68366613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156378","display_name":"Compiler correctness","level":3,"score":0.44248688220977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4129416346549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2022.3179654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2022.3179654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1883985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1883985","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1883985","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1883985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1883985","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1883985","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1489425746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1645119126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1719536385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2042897603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR2272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2296932962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3299391273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4423657506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4694431782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR2272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5726405315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6129992089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6488227018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6864165199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G691578896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR2272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7114708214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR2272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7995982022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8269158468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8414908677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8799952057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8813984943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906985441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8943143067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","display_name":"Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5tnr73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","display_name":"UT-Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/04nza6677"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285179703.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285179703.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963083109","https://openalex.org/W3000564399","https://openalex.org/W3007772124","https://openalex.org/W3011176868","https://openalex.org/W3059812300","https://openalex.org/W3100931381","https://openalex.org/W3126110448","https://openalex.org/W3181766882","https://openalex.org/W3196320218","https://openalex.org/W3216273904","https://openalex.org/W4214951473","https://openalex.org/W6774508117","https://openalex.org/W6789853081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246454774","https://openalex.org/W2121223013","https://openalex.org/W2169584677","https://openalex.org/W4226439887","https://openalex.org/W2374859588","https://openalex.org/W1487052613","https://openalex.org/W2134386444","https://openalex.org/W2516139633","https://openalex.org/W2289487420","https://openalex.org/W2188615207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,47,140],"present":[1],"a":[2,128,134,145],"multilevel":[3,23],"quantum\u2013classical":[4],"intermediate":[5,24],"representation":[6,25],"(IR)":[7],"that":[8,98,125],"enables":[9],"an":[10],"optimizing,":[11],"retargetable":[12],"compiler":[13,88,116,150],"for":[14,147],"available":[15,90],"quantum":[16,37,50,112,118,149],"languages.":[17],"Our":[18,115],"work":[19,93,143],"builds":[20],"upon":[21],"the":[22,40,55,67],"(MLIR)":[26],"framework":[27],"and":[28,51,60,65,70,78,87,106],"leverages":[29],"its":[30],"unique":[31],"progressive":[32],"lowering":[33],"capabilities":[34],"to":[35,39,83],"map":[36],"languages":[38],"low-level":[41],"virtual":[42],"machine":[43],"(LLVM)":[44],"machine-level":[45],"IR.":[46],"provide":[48],"both":[49],"classical":[52],"optimizations":[53,120],"via":[54,75,121],"MLIR":[56],"pattern":[57],"rewriting":[58],"subsystem":[59],"standard":[61,76,103,122],"LLVM":[62],"optimization":[63],"passes,":[64],"demonstrate":[66],"programmability,":[68],"compilation,":[69],"execution":[71],"of":[72,137],"our":[73,92],"approach":[74],"benchmarks":[77],"test":[79],"cases.":[80],"In":[81],"comparison":[82],"other":[84],"standalone":[85,111],"language":[86,113],"efforts":[89],"today,":[91],"results":[94],"in":[95,127,131],"compile":[96],"times":[97],"are":[99],"1,000\u00d7":[100],"faster":[101,108],"than":[102,109],"Pythonic":[104],"approaches,":[105],"5\u201310\u00d7":[107],"comparative":[110],"compilers.":[114],"provides":[117],"resource":[119],"programming":[123],"patterns":[124],"result":[126],"10\u00d7":[129],"reduction":[130],"entangling":[132],"operations,":[133],"common":[135],"source":[136],"program":[138],"noise.":[139],"see":[141],"this":[142],"as":[144],"vehicle":[146],"rapid":[148],"prototyping.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}