{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2944282916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2019.2910175","title":"FireSim: FPGA-Accelerated Cycle-Exact Scale-Out System Simulation in the Public Cloud","display_name":"FireSim: FPGA-Accelerated Cycle-Exact Scale-Out System Simulation in the Public Cloud","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2944282916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2019.2910175","mag":"2944282916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2019.2910175","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2019.2910175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017667683","display_name":"Sagar Karandikar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3145-776X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sagar Karandikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042717709","display_name":"Howard Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100736025","display_name":"Donggyu Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donggyu Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059660054","display_name":"David Biancolin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-9053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Biancolin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021726231","display_name":"Alon Amid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0309-130X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alon Amid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075689567","display_name":"Dayeol Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dayeol Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068852975","display_name":"Nathan Pemberton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Pemberton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048085877","display_name":"Emmanuel Amaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8721-4895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Amaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102751981","display_name":"Colin Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9958-6045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069423915","display_name":"Aditya Chopra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1488-5829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Chopra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014354015","display_name":"Qijing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9084-8520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qijing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029327968","display_name":"Kyle D. Kovacs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7568-6703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle Kovacs","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041784384","display_name":"Borivoje Nikoli\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-1715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borivoje Nikolic","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109560331","display_name":"Randy H. Katz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randy Howard Katz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088484890","display_name":"Jonathan Bachrach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0533-2712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Bachrach","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035134864","display_name":"Krste Asanovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0754-3975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krste Asanovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5331,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68042051,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"3","first_page":"56","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8262467384338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7000420093536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6685352325439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6464756727218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.566971480846405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5410789847373962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.43914994597435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infiniband","display_name":"InfiniBand","score":0.4323311448097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.4267200231552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3480660617351532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.21698051691055298}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8262467384338379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7000420093536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6685352325439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6464756727218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.566971480846405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5410789847373962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.43914994597435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781030343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922437","display_name":"InfiniBand","level":2,"score":0.4323311448097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.4267200231552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3480660617351532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.21698051691055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2019.2910175","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2019.2910175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G175367197","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR0011-12-2-0016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G909202909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0000849","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316896","display_name":"Seagate Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04p1xtv71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317879","display_name":"SK Hynix","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322923","display_name":"Siemens","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/03q1rgc19"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010324635","https://openalex.org/W2026320578","https://openalex.org/W2063884320","https://openalex.org/W2066339098","https://openalex.org/W2084226860","https://openalex.org/W2127298482","https://openalex.org/W2735029112","https://openalex.org/W2884267664","https://openalex.org/W2898781725","https://openalex.org/W2916452982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2406331183","https://openalex.org/W2363988059","https://openalex.org/W2792231649","https://openalex.org/W2053215237","https://openalex.org/W1939358748","https://openalex.org/W1995426833","https://openalex.org/W2613555492","https://openalex.org/W3150273738","https://openalex.org/W2741067476","https://openalex.org/W2800626838"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,129],"this":[1,131],"article,":[2],"we":[3,85],"present":[4],"FireSim,":[5],"an":[6],"open-source":[7],"simulation":[8,15,23,93,132],"platform":[9],"that":[10],"enables":[11],"fast":[12],"cycle-exact":[13],"microarchitectural":[14],"of":[16,24,52,62,76,78,94,104,135,137,141,144],"large":[17],"scale-out":[18],"clusters":[19],"by":[20,107],"combining":[21],"FPGA-accelerated":[22,63],"silicon-proven":[25],"RTL":[26],"designs":[27],"with":[28,56,101,112],"scalable,":[29],"distributed":[30],"network":[31,111],"simulation,":[32,64],"running":[33],"on":[34],"a":[35,90,108,118,139],"public-cloud":[36],"host":[37],"platform.":[38],"By":[39],"introducing":[40],"automation":[41],"and":[42,50,60,88],"harnessing":[43],"cloud":[44],"FPGAs,":[45],"FireSim":[46],"provides":[47],"the":[48,57,67],"usability":[49],"productivity":[51],"software":[53],"full-system":[54],"simulators":[55],"high":[58],"performance":[59],"accuracy":[61],"while":[65],"adding":[66],"unprecedented":[68],"ability":[69],"to":[70,72,148],"scale":[71],"globally":[73],"cycle-accurate":[74],"simulations":[75],"thousands":[77],"networked":[79],"nodes.":[80],"To":[81],"demonstrate":[82],"FireSim's":[83],"scalability,":[84],"automatically":[86],"generate":[87],"deploy":[89],"target":[91],"cluster":[92],"1024":[95],"3.2-GHz":[96],"quad-core":[97],"server":[98],"nodes,":[99],"each":[100],"16":[102],"GB":[103],"DRAM,":[105],"interconnected":[106],"200":[109],"Gb/s":[110],"low":[113],"latency,":[114],"which":[115],"simulates":[116],"at":[117],"6.6-MHz":[119],"processor":[120],"clock":[121],"rate":[122],"($<":[123],"$<500\u00d7":[124],"slowdown":[125],"over":[126],"real":[127],"time).":[128],"aggregate,":[130],"harnesses":[133],"millions":[134],"dollars":[136,145],"FPGAs\u2014at":[138],"cost":[140],"only":[142],"hundreds":[143],"per":[146],"simulation-hour":[147],"users.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}