{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901123440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2018.2877290","title":"Galapagos: A Full Stack Approach to FPGA Integration in the Cloud","display_name":"Galapagos: A Full Stack Approach to FPGA Integration in the Cloud","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901123440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2018.2877290","mag":"2901123440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2018.2877290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2018.2877290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001230588","display_name":"Naif Tarafdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5852-5577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naif Tarafdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto","University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070042639","display_name":"Nariman Eskandari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-5186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nariman Eskandari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto","University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014854260","display_name":"Varun Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varun Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto","University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045911830","display_name":"Charles Lo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto","University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035437657","display_name":"Paul Chow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0523-7117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Chow","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto","University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001230588"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1404,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92604682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"6","first_page":"18","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8312015533447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8197104334831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.791068434715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stack","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","score":0.7115352153778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6186161637306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5860215425491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4686419665813446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction-layer","display_name":"Abstraction layer","score":0.4332626461982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.43078821897506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.42245855927467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4136214852333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.350739061832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.20012804865837097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8312015533447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8197104334831238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.791068434715271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.7115352153778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6186161637306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5860215425491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4686419665813446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147358964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200992","display_name":"Abstraction layer","level":3,"score":0.4332626461982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.43078821897506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.42245855927467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4136214852333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.350739061832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.20012804865837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2018.2877290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2018.2877290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1942537973","https://openalex.org/W2133156997","https://openalex.org/W2542189141","https://openalex.org/W2583220202","https://openalex.org/W2762795505","https://openalex.org/W4239385313","https://openalex.org/W4256629673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984744919","https://openalex.org/W2132930690","https://openalex.org/W2770599040","https://openalex.org/W1901380330","https://openalex.org/W4248324254","https://openalex.org/W3017219868","https://openalex.org/W2901324294","https://openalex.org/W3009812692","https://openalex.org/W2105980483","https://openalex.org/W2075164989"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Field-programmable":[0],"gate":[1],"arrays":[2],"(FPGAs)":[3],"have":[4,21],"shown":[5],"to":[6,14,25,81],"be":[7],"quite":[8],"beneficial":[9],"in":[10,49,73],"the":[11,31,41,50,74],"cloud":[12,29,51],"due":[13],"their":[15,83],"energy-efficient":[16],"application-specific":[17],"acceleration.":[18],"These":[19],"accelerators":[20],"always":[22],"been":[23],"difficult":[24],"use":[26],"and":[27,55],"at":[28],"scale,":[30],"difficulty":[32],"of":[33,43,76],"managing":[34,44],"these":[35],"devices":[36],"scales":[37],"accordingly.":[38],"We":[39],"approach":[40],"challenge":[42],"large":[45],"FPGA":[46],"accelerator":[47],"clusters":[48],"using":[52],"abstraction":[53],"layers":[54],"a":[56],"new":[57],"hardware":[58,65],"stack":[59,66],"that":[60],"we":[61],"call":[62],"Galapagos.":[63],"The":[64],"abstracts":[67],"low-level":[68,77],"details":[69],"while":[70],"providing":[71],"flexibility":[72],"amount":[75],"access":[78],"users":[79],"require":[80],"reach":[82],"performance":[84],"needs.":[85]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-01T08:55:55.761014","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}