{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2886557986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2018.043191125","title":"SiMul: An Algorithm-Driven Approximate Multiplier Design for Machine Learning","display_name":"SiMul: An Algorithm-Driven Approximate Multiplier Design for Machine Learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2886557986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2018.043191125","mag":"2886557986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2018.043191125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2018.043191125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086328631","display_name":"Zhenhong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8026-9629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070172290","display_name":"Amir Yazdanbakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8199-7671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Yazdanbakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101586319","display_name":"Taejoon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-1776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taejoon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084514143","display_name":"Hadi Esmaeilzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8548-1039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Esmaeilzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037648751","display_name":"Nam Sung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-5634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nam Sung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4403,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83059093,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"4","first_page":"50","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8140292167663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.7457603216171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6098750233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5858524441719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5683119297027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.511769711971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4416676163673401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3790205419063568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3673507571220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32251811027526855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8140292167663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7457603216171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6098750233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5858524441719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5683119297027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.511769711971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4416676163673401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3790205419063568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3673507571220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32251811027526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mm.2018.043191125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mm.2018.043191125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59697426","display_name":"IEEE Micro","issn_l":"0272-1732","issn":["0272-1732","1937-4143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Micro","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309321","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322091","display_name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzfa883"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324161","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332222","display_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986964674","https://openalex.org/W2006312753","https://openalex.org/W2081381940","https://openalex.org/W2104578404","https://openalex.org/W2106484393","https://openalex.org/W2156425544","https://openalex.org/W2187230075","https://openalex.org/W2233797083","https://openalex.org/W2513554817","https://openalex.org/W2541839172","https://openalex.org/W2554131156","https://openalex.org/W2765927961","https://openalex.org/W2771159931","https://openalex.org/W2963367920","https://openalex.org/W2963577671","https://openalex.org/W3141620748","https://openalex.org/W4294565153","https://openalex.org/W6651700774"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2997512100","https://openalex.org/W2331043530","https://openalex.org/W2083166957","https://openalex.org/W4312893972","https://openalex.org/W3013241373","https://openalex.org/W4318751523","https://openalex.org/W2971786956","https://openalex.org/W2977756049","https://openalex.org/W4385214089","https://openalex.org/W2798544842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"need":[1],"to":[2,90,95,114,139],"support":[3],"various":[4,31,162],"machine":[5],"learning":[6],"(ML)":[7],"algorithms":[8],"on":[9,155],"energy-constrained":[10],"computing":[11],"devices":[12],"has":[13],"steadily":[14],"grown.":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17],"article,":[18],"we":[19],"propose":[20],"an":[21],"approximate":[22,37],"multiplier,":[23,80],"which":[24],"is":[25],"a":[26,52,71,78,152],"key":[27],"hardware":[28],"component":[29],"in":[30],"ML":[32,48],"accelerators.":[33],"Dubbed":[34],"SiMul,":[35],"our":[36,133],"multiplier":[38,134,150],"features":[39],"user-controlled":[40],"precision":[41,56,97],"that":[42],"exploits":[43],"the":[44,63,67,83,115,148,156,159],"common":[45],"characteristics":[46],"of":[47,66,86,119,158],"algorithms.":[49],"SiMul":[50,81],"supports":[51],"tradeoff":[53],"between":[54],"compute":[55],"and":[57,104,122],"energy":[58,64,84,142],"consumption":[59,65],"at":[60],"runtime,":[61],"reducing":[62],"accelerator":[68,130],"while":[69,92],"satisfying":[70],"desired":[72],"inference":[73,106,117],"accuracy":[74,107,118,157],"requirement.":[75],"Compared":[76],"with":[77,132,147,151],"precise":[79,126,149],"improves":[82],"efficiency":[85,143],"multiplication":[87,100],"by":[88],"11.6x":[89],"3.2x":[91],"achieving":[93],"81.7-percent":[94],"98.5-percent":[96],"for":[98,108,161],"individual":[99],"operations":[101],"(96.0-,":[102],"97.8-,":[103],"97.7-percent":[105],"three":[109],"distinct":[110],"applications,":[111],"respectively,":[112],"compared":[113],"baseline":[116],"98.3,":[120],"99.0,":[121],"97.7":[123],"percent":[124],"using":[125],"multipliers).":[127],"A":[128],"neural":[129],"implemented":[131,146],"can":[135],"provide":[136],"1.7x":[137],"(up":[138],"2.1x)":[140],"higher":[141],"over":[144],"one":[145],"negligible":[153],"impact":[154],"output":[160],"applications.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}